Пособие обсуждено и утверждено на заседании кафедры методики преподавания истории “ ” 2001 г. Заведующий кафедрой Лис Н. А

Главная Лекции Лекции (разные) - часть 10

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Нижнетагильский государственный педагогический институт

Ерофеева Л. А.

Введение в систему тестирования TOEFL

Учебно-методическое пособие

Нижний Тагил

2002

Учебно-методическое пособие составлено в соответствии с Государственным образовательным стандартом высшего профессионального образования, утвержденным приказом Государственного комитета Российской федерации по высшему образованию от 4 апреля 2000 года №371, учебным планом подготовки учителей (третий уровень высшего профессионального образования) по специальности "021700 – филология" соответствует программам, рекомендованным учебно-методическим объединением.

Пособие обсуждено и утверждено на заседании кафедры методики преподавания истории “____” ____________ 2001 г.

Заведующий кафедрой Лис Н. А.

Автор-составитель Ерофеева Л. А.

Система тестирования “TOEFL” (Test of English as a Foreign Language), т. е. проверка знаний английского языка у иностранцев предлагается всем, кто собирается учиться в колледжах и университетах Соединенных Штатов Америки, Канады, Соединенного Королевства Великобритании и Северной Ирландии, а также в странах, где обучение ведется на английском языке.

Система тестирования “TOEFL” была создана образовательной службой тестирования (Educational Testing Service). Задания для “TOEFL” составлены высококвалифицированными лингвистами. Все вопросы проверялись многими специалистами и испытывались в пробных тестированиях, прежде чем были приняты в форме тестов для объективной оценки знаний по английскому языку.

Данная система тестирования призвана оценить уровень владения устной и письменной речью. Она используется в 2300 колледжах и университетах США и Канады и предъявляется как одно из основных требований для иностранцев. Ежегодно при помощи этой системы проходят тестирование около миллиона человек.

Задания по системе тестирования “TOEFL” включают в себя 3 раздела: контроль восприятия на слух (Listening Comprehension), письменная речь (Structure and Written Expression), контроль прочитанного материала и словарного запаса (Reading Comprehension and Vocabulary). Задания всех трех разделов являются равнозначно важными. Освоение данной системы тестирования происходит в рамках специального курса, в соответствии с учебным планом исторического факультета. В связи с небольшим количеством аудиторных часов по дополнительной специальности “английский язык”, отводимых для ознакомительного прохождения системы тестирования TOEFL, нам представляется необходимым большее внимание уделить письменной речи, с тем, чтобы студенты могли повторить грамматический материал, изученный за предыдущие годы обучения.

Пособие написано на английском языке, так как адресовано студентам старших курсов. Большинство заданий заимствовано из зарубежных источников. Оно рассчитано на 10 аудиторных часов и снабжено практическими советами по его использованию, которые рекомендуется прочитать перед тем, как выполнять задания. В пособии приведены примеры и разобраны типичные ошибки, допускаемые при выполнении заданий. Пособие также включает краткий грамматический обзор всех грамматических явлений, необходимых при выполнении заданий, причем используется американская терминология при описании грамматических категорий. Здесь также приводятся рекомендуемые домашние задания.

В конце прохождения курса студенты пишут экзаменационную или зачетную работу.

Certain types of sentence structure errors are usually tested in the TOEFL. If you are prepared for and alert to these areas, you will have the tools needed to become more confident in taking the Structure and Written Expression section of TOEFL.

Many excellent books have been written which analyze the structure of English and its many exceptions. It is the aim of this section to organize in a methodical way the strategic error areas that you can use as a checklist when attempting to eliminate incorrect choices. These tips may help you eliminate incorrect choices and give the correct answer.

I. SENTENCE CONTENT
Parts of speech

As a TOEFL test-taker, particularly in the Structure and Written Expression (Grammar), you must be alert to all the possible roles of a word within a sentence. A word’s role is its “function” in a sentence. The role a word serves in one sentence may be different from the role the same word serves in another sentence. Following are the eight roles a word may serve in a sentence.

PART OF SPEECH	FUNCTION	EXAMPLES
A. NOUN	A person, place, or a thing	girl, dress, Mary, John
B. PRONOUN	A substitute for a noun	he, she, it, I, them
C. VERB	Expresses action	sing, dance
D. Adjective	Describes a noun or pronoun	silent, calm, anxious, eager
E. ADVERB	Modifies a verb, adjective or	quietly, fast, calmly

ADVERB

F. PREPOSITION	Shows the relationship between the noun or pronoun and another word	around, to, in, during, for
G. CONJUNCTION	Joins two words or groups	and, or, but
H. Interjection	Displays feelings	Oh! Wow!

A SENTENCE

The most important skill you can learn for the TOEFL Structure and Written Expression section is to identify a sentence’s subjects and verbs.

A complete sentence contains at least one subject and one verb. The subject and the verb form the basis of the sentence. Extra words added to sentences do not change the subject and the verb. It is essential to identify the verb in the sentence first. Why? Recognizing the verb first is easier because there are fewer possible words for verbs than there are for subjects. The verb is the action being performed in a sentence.

The following parts of speech are NOT verbs, so you should not include them when looking for the verbs:

Infinitive – the combination of the word “to” plus a verb, such as “to sing” or “to dance”. This is not part of the verb in the sentence.

Adverb – words that describe the verb are not part of the verb. The words “not”, “never”, “quickly”, and “very” are some adverbs.

All forms of the verb “BE ” are verbs: AM, IS, ARE, WAS, WERE, and
BEEN. Verbs also include words that substitute for BE , such as BECOME,
APPEAR, SEEM, and FEEL.

VERBS: MAIN AND HELPING

Main verbs tell the action or activity being performed. Helping verbs are used with main verbs to: (a) show “tense”, the time of an action (present, past, future), and (b) show meaning that cannot be expressed by the main verb alone.

Helping verbs always come before the main verb, although sometimes another word, such as an adverb, may come between the helping verb and the main verb. The following words are examples helping verbs: CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, MUST, SHALL, SHOULD, WILL, and WOULD.

A VERB INCLUDES THE MAIN VERBS PLUS ALL THE HELPING VERBS.

In the sentence, “I should have helped her,” the complete verb is “should have helped”. In the sentence “I will have a piece of cake, thank you,” the complete verb is “will have”.

Sentences may contain one, two, or three helping verbs with the main verb.

A complete verb with all of its helping verbs is called a finite verb.

SUBJECTS

The person or thing performing the action or activity is the subject. The following types of words are NOT subjects:

ADJECTIVES – words that describe a noun are not part of the subject.

WORDS THAT SHOW OWNERSHIP OR POSSESSION – words like “hers” or “his” are not part of the subject.

A sentence consists of a person or thing doing an action, or in other words a subject plus a verb.

PREPOSITIONS

Prepositions are small words that show the relationship between one word and another. Prepositions are found in phrases. Each prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or a pronoun. This is an important fact because if a word is part of a prepositional phrase, it cannot be the subject or the verb of the sentence. Verbs are not in prepositional phrases, and the noun or pronoun that is the object of the preposition cannot be the main subject.

QUESTION: “WHAT SHOULD I DO WHEN A TEST SENTENCE IS EXTREMELY LONG WITH DIFFICULT VOCABULARY?”

Cross out the prepositional phrases and within the few words left will be the subjects and verbs.

EXAMPLE: The early phase of the Bronze Age on the mainland ended about 2000 B. C. with military conquest of the area by invaders from the north.

This sentence has 24 words, but only one subject and one verb. Cross out the prepositional phrases and you will see how easy it is to find the subject and verb.

The following sentence has 22 words, but no verb. Cross out the prepositional phrases and the infinite phrase, and you will find the subject.

The wing design of the U-2 permitting long distance gliding without engine power

to reduce the likelihood of detection from the ground .

The subject of the sentence is “design”, but the sentence has no complete verb. The test-taker must ask, what does the wing design do? The answer shows that the error lies in (A) “permitting” which should be “permits”, a finite verb. (B) is a correct because it is a verb form used as a noun. The clue is the adjective “long-distance”. (C) gives the purpose of the wing design, and (D) tells where there is the likelihood of detection. If there are two or more clauses (clauses are subject-verb patterns), you must check to see if the clauses are combined correctly.

There are two basic ways to combine clauses:

A. Keep them as independent clauses that can stand alone and join them with a coordinating conjunction, such as: and, but, or, nor, for.

EXAMPLE: Jean looked everywhere but she could not find her velvet pillow.

B. Keep at least one as an independent clause and make the others dependent clauses using subordinate conjunctions.

EXAMPLE: She loved Michael dearly, but did not love his dog.

QUESTION: "WHAT ARE SOME OF THE WAYS TO MAKE A CLAUSE (SUBJECT. VERB PATTERN) DEPENDENT?"

A dependent clause that describes a word is an adjective clause . An adjective clause is introduced by a relative pronoun.

WHO	WHOM
THAT	WHOSE
WHICH	WHERE
WHEN

Dependent clauses and their subjects and verbs must be in complete sentences.

EXAMPLE 1: The issue could be a paramount one in the decade to come.

EXAMPLE 2: Whenever I eat garlic, I feel better.

In example 1, a complete idea is expressed. The verb is "could be" and the subject is "issue». This is an independent clause. In example 2, the first verb "eat" and its subject "I" are introduced by the subordinating conjunction "whenever», making that a subordinate clause. The verb and the subject "I" stand alone as an independent clause, making this a complete sentence.

Is each of the following a sentence?

I cannot insist enough that the man whom you are dating is a liar and a thief.

S1 and VI form the independent main clause. The subordinate clause is introduced by "that». There is an adjective clause introduced by the relative pronoun within the subordinate clause.

Most Americans to purchase a colored television, regardless of what the cost might be.

This is not a complete sentence. «Regardless of» introduces the subordinate clause with the subject «cost» and the verb «might be». «To purchase» is not a verb; it is an infinitive. The main verb is missing.

Although many of his friends have come.

The subject "many" and verb "have come" are introduced by a subordinate conjunction "although», making this a subordinate clause, not a sentence. Remember that you need an independent clause, a subject and verb not introduced by a subordinating word, to have a sentence.

BECAUSE vs. BECAUSE OF

BECAUSE + subject + verb

BECAUSE OF + noun or pronoun

Because the situation did not improve, the boss decided to call a gathering of her employees.

Because of the worsening situation, the boss decided to call a gathering of her employees.

EXAMPLE: Because his conduct at the campaign, Bazaine was found

guilty of treason and received a death sentence, which was commuted to

imprisonment for 20 years .

(A) is the error. "Because" is not followed by a subject and verb, only by a noun. If it is followed by a noun, it should be "because of». (B) is a correct passive verb form. (C) is a description of the death sentence, a relative pronoun and passive verb. (D) tells the length of imprisonment.

APPOSITIVES

A noun or noun substitute used without a verb to explain or describe the noun beside it is called an appositive.

EXAMPLES:

Sue, our leader, took us to the museum. (“leader” is the appositive)

Two students, Beth and I, were chosen for the activity

(“Beth” and “I” are the appositives)

EXAMPLES:

1. Agathocles, _______________ was exiled twice for attempting to overthrow the aristocratic government.

(A) a tyrant of Syracuse who

(B) a tyrant of Syracuse

(D) whose tyrant of Syracuse

ANSWER: (B) explains who Agathocles was without using a relative pronoun, as answers (A) and (D). (C) gives extra words that confuse the meaning of the sentence.

2. ___________________Vincent van Gogh lived a tumultuous life in the southern part of France.

(A) Despite the famous French impressionist

(B) A famous French impressionist who is

(D) He is a famous French impressionist

ANSWER: (D) gives a subject and a verb – it is an independent clause, not an appositive. Although it explains who van Gogh was, it should be treated as a complete sentence and combined with the next complete sentence by a conjunction. This, however, is not one of the answers, so it is not correct. (A) is a prepositional phrase introduced by “despite” and does not explain who van Gogh was. (B) gives a relative pronoun and that is not necessary. (C) is the correct choice.

EXERCISES: PRACTICE WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED ABOUT “SENTENCE CONTENT”

DIRECTIONS: Choose the best word or phrase which would complete the sentence.

1.___________________reflect the principles of American adolescence during the 1950s.

(The sentence has one main verb, “reflect”, but no subject. It needs a subject.)

(A) Students go to school

(B) Whether the country’s high schools

(D)The country’s high schools

ANSWER: Only (D) is a subject. (A) is a subject and verb, (B) has an introductory word, “whether”, that makes the subject and the verb “reflect” into a dependent clause, and (C) has an introductory word, as well as a subject and a verb.

2. This ___ the only correct answer on the test.

(“This” is the subject. A verb is needed.)

(A) which

(B) is

(D) as

ANSWER: (A) and (D) are not verbs. (C) “being” is not a finite verb and cannot be used as a main verb. (B) is the only choice.

3. The common name applied to large seabirds of the family Diomedeidae _______ the albatross, of which 13 species can be found from the Antarctic region north to the tropics.

("Name" is the subject. A verb is needed.)

(A) to be

(B) being

(D) has been

ANSWER: "Applied" and the phrase that follows it describe "the common name», so "applied" is a past participle used as an adjective. It is not the verb of the sentence. "Can be found" is not the main verb; rather, it is the verb of the preposition. So the sentence needs a verb.

(A) and (B) are not verbs. "To be" is an infinitive, and "being" is a participle, not a complete, finite verb. (D) is the present perfect tense. (C) is correct because it is the simple present tense appropriate for definitions.

II. VERB TENSES

An understanding of verb tenses is critical when taking the TOEFL Structure and Written Expression section. Considering the many tenses there are in any language, this is not undue emphasis on verb tenses. Though there are many tens that can be tested, and many intricate exceptions, do not become overwhelmed with the extensive range of the verb tenses. Complete understanding of verb tense goal, but is not needed to do relatively well on the TOEFL Structure and Written Expression section.

SIMPLE TENSES

1. Simple Present

– a general statement of fact:

EXAMPLE: The earth is a sphere.

– a habitual activity

EXAMPLE: I always skip breakfast.

– a statement of something existing at the time of speaking:

– Example: I hear you.

2. Simple Past

– an activity begun and completed at a particular time in the past:

EXAMPLE: I went to college last year.

– "After" and "before" clauses:

EXAMPLES: After she left, I went directly to bed.

They arrived before I did.

3. Simple Future/be going to

– future activity:

EXAMPLES: I will do that later. I am going to do that later.

PERFECT TENSES

1. Present Perfect

– an activity begun in the past and continued into the present when used with since or for:

since + a particular time

for + a duration of time

EXAMPLES: I have studied French for ten years.

She has studied Spanish since 1989.

– a repeated activity:

EXAMPLE: I have read four books this month.

– an activity that happened at an unspecified time in the past:

EXAMPLE: I have already visited China.

– an activity in a time clause to emphasize it has been completed before the main clause action begins:

EXAMPLE: I will go to the movies after I have finished all my homework.

2. Past Perfect

– a completed activity before another activity in the past:

EXAMPLE: They had already left by the time I arrived.

3. Future Perfect

– an activity to be completed before another activity in the future:

EXAMPLE: They will have left by the time I arrive.

PROGRESSIVE TENSES

1. Present Progressive

– a planned or intended future event or activity:

EXAMPLE: Jocelyne is leaving for her vacation tomorrow.

– an activity in progress at the time of speaking:

EXAMPLE: Jerry is watching a show on television.

– a general activity in progress during the next day, week, month, or year, though not actually going on at the time of speaking:

EXAMPLE: Claudine is trying to improve her grades.

2. Past Progressive

– a past activity in progress when another activity occurred:

EXAMPLE: At six o'clock last evening, I was eating dinner.

(activity of eating was in progress when six o'clock occurred)

– two past activities in progress at the same time:

EXAMPLE: While I was answering the phone, he was getting the mail.

3. Future Progressive

– a future activity that will be in progress:

EXAMPLE: He will be looking for her tomorrow.

4. Present Perfect Progressive

– duration of an activity that began in the past and continued to the present, and is used with time words, like "since", "for", "all year":

EXAMPLE: He has been travelling all summer.

– duration of a more general activity that began in the past and continued to the present; does not mention time:

EXAMPLE: He has been studying hard.

5. Past Perfect Progressive

– the length of a past activity that was going on before another past activity:

EXAMPLE: When she finally arrived, I had been waiting for her for two hours.

– an activity in progress right before another activity in the past:

EXAMPLE: Her hair was wind-blown because she had been walking in the park.

6. Future Perfect Progressive

– a future activity that has been in progress and is continuing into the future:

EXAMPLE: She will have been looking for the right material for her drapes for three years.

PASSIVE VOICE

If the subject is acted upon, the verb is passive.

To make a verb passive, add the past participle to the form of "be».

The active voice is the preferred form in English because it is more forceful and direct.

EXAMPLE: The Thinker was sculpted by Rodin.

The passive voice is used to emphasize the receiver of the action as the focus of interest.

PRESENT SIMPLE, PASSIVE: They are led.

PAST SIMPLE, PASSIVE: They were led.

FUTURE SIMPLE, PASSIVE: They will be led.

PRESENT PERFECT, PASSIVE: They have been led.

PAST PERFECT, PASSIVE: They had been led.

FUTURE PERFECT, PASSIVE: They will have been led.

SHORT EXERCISE: Find the element in the following sentence where the

passive voice is expressed incorrectly.

The first man-made orbiting earth satellite had launched by the U.S.S.R. in 1957 .

ANSWER: (C) is the correct answer. (Note: Satellites-rockets cannot launch themselves.) The word "by" is your clue to the possible need for a passive voice. (C) is the element of the sentence where the passive voice should be expressed with the verb “was launched.”

III. VERBALS

GERUNDS/INFINITIVES / PARTICIPLES

When taking the TOEFL, you can sometimes tell if a word is a noun or a verb or some other part of speech by just looking at the word. In most cases, however, the test-taker has to see how a certain word fits into a sentence pattern before it can be called a "noun" or a "verb». In the following two sentences, the word "glow" is used in different ways:

Lights glow in the distance.

The glow of the light brightened her face.

"Glow" is a verb in the first sentence because it comes in a verb position in the sentence pattern; but in the second sentence, "glow" is a noun because it comes in a subject position. The position of words is very important. "The dog bit Mary" is very different from saying that "Mary bit the dog». Some words can even be in four positions:

I "lean" in the direction of that opinion. (verb position)

The "lean" of the Tower of Pisa is well known. (noun position)

The "lean" swimmers stood on the blocks. (adjective position)

Remember to eat "lean". (adverb position)

Since position in the sentence is very important, you need to be alert to verbals when looking for subjects and verbs in sentences. Because verbals look like verbs, you must be able to recognize them and not confuse them with verbs. Verbals are infinitives, gerunds, or participles. These are forms of verbs that, when placed in certain positions in the sentence pattern, will act like nouns or adjectives.

The girl was "singing». ("singing" in verb position = main verb used with "was") "Singing" was her hobby. ("singing" in the subject position =gerund)

The "singing" girl won a medal. ("singing" in the adjective position participle)

"To sing" in a theatre was her desire ("to sing" in the subject position = infinitive).

Although nouns (such as book, girl) and pronouns (such as I, she, they) are the most common subjects, gerunds (singing, running, eating) are commonly used for subjects ("Singing" was her hobby). Infinitives (to sing, to swim, to eat) are also used as subjects ("To sing" in a theatre was her desire).

Gerunds and participles look alike because they both end in “-ing” ("The singing cheered him” and “The singing bird sat in the tree”), but the only way to tell them apart is by their position in the sentence.

In these sentences, which are gerunds (subjects) and which are participles (modifiers of nouns)?

The washing machine is new. (participle)

The washing should take about five minutes. (gerund)

Earning money gives a person self-respect. (gerund)

Her earning power was reduced after her accident. (participle)

Notice that gerunds, like nouns, may be modified by adjectives and prepositional phrases:

The first "running" of the race was in July 1988.

The sudden and fierce "rushing" of the wind blew over the shack.

Gerunds may also act like nouns in other ways. They may be objects or objects of prepositions. Again, the way you can tell the difference between the verb and the verbal is by the position in the sentence pattern:

John is "running" the race again. (running is part of the verb)

The thought of "running" again made him feel tired. (as object of preposition)

Sandra likes "running". (as object of verb)

The participles reviewed so far all ended in "-ing". These are called present participles because they come from verbs in the present tense ("The car is rolling"). When participles come from verbs in the past tense, they are called past participles ("The player was injured"). Past participles are also commonly used to modify subjects. Notice the position of the participle before you decide whether it is being used as part of the verb or being used to modify the subject.

EXERCISES: PRACTICE WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED ABOUT "VERBALS”

DIRECTIONS: Choose the best word or phrase which would complete the sentence.

1. Oil of bay, _________ from the leaves of a tropical American bay tree commonly called the bayberry, is used in the distilling of bay rum.

(A) make

(B) makes

(D) made

ANSWER: (D) is the answer because it is the past participle used to describe the oil of bay. The description is let aside from the main clause of the sentence by commas. (A) is not correct because it is the present tense, plural form of the verb and does not agree in number with the subject, even if the sentence needed a verb. (B) is not correct because it is the present tense, singular form of the verb, but the sentence does not need a finite verb. (C) is not correct because it is the present participle, inappropriate for the description form needed in this sentence.

2. After _______ his flight training, American astronaut Alan Bean was stationed in Jacksonville.

(A) completes

(B) completed

(E) complete

ANSWER: (C) is the correct answer because there is an independent clause, and the dependent present participle following "after" is needed to describe what Bean did before being stationed in Jacksonville. (A), (B), and (D) are all finite verbs that need a subject, and there is no subject following "after".

3. The sight of the American flag _________________ inspired him to write the poem, "The Star Spangled Banner».

(A) still flown over the fort at daybreak

(B) still flew over the fort at daybreak

(D) still flies over the fort at daybreak

ANSWER: (C) is the correct answer because the main verb of the sentence is "inspired" and the subject "sight" needs a present participle to describe it. (A) is the past participle which is not correct with the present word "still». (B) is the past tense of the verb, and a finite conjugated verb is not correct here. (D) is the present tense of the verb, and a finite conjugated verb is not correct here.

3. If you expect to move in a few years, ____________ may be more economical than buying one.

(A) there is a rented home

(B) having rented a home

(D) renting a home

ANSWER: (D) is the answer because it is the gerund that serves as the subject of the verb of the independent clause "may be». It also parallels the comparison to "buying one». "If you expect to move in a few years" serves as the dependent clause. (A) creates an incorrect phrasing of the independent clause by adding another subject and verb. (B) creates an incorrect time frame – by placing the rental in a questionable time period; the reader is unsure if it is the future, past, or present. (C) creates an incorrect comparison by saying the home should be more economical, not the act of renting that should be economical.

IV. SUBJECT-VERB-PRONOUN AGREEMENT

This is a common testing area for TOEFL because it is such a common error in the English language.

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

Extra words must be eliminated so that you can check to see if the subjects and verbs agree. For Type 2 questions in particular, check to make sure that all subjects and verbs agree. Since locating the subject and verb is your first step in every item, you are almost there.

DIRECTIONS: Choose the best choice which completes the sentence.

In the same century a type of beagle with some of the characteristics _______ in the southern United States.

(A) were known

(B) was known

(D) are known

ANSWER: (B) is the answer since this sentence needs a verb that agrees with the singular subject "type». (A) is not correct because it is the plural form of the verb I' and the subject is singular. (C) is the past participle form of the verb and the sentence needs a finite verb. (D) is not correct because it is the plural form of the verb and the subject is singular.

DIRECTIONS: Choose the word or phrase which is grammatically incorrect.

1. Many relics from the Roman period has been unearthed throughout the country.

ANSWER: (C) is the answer because the verb form is singular when the subject “relics” is in the plural form. (A) is correct because it is a counting adjective and “relics" must be counted. (B) is correct because the expression is something “from” a particular time period. (D) is correct because it is a preposition that explains where the relics have been unearthed.

2. This country's fertile land, together with the fertile land of other countries,

are being used in a worldwide crop utilization project.

ANSWER: (C) is the answer since this sentence needs a verb that agrees with the singular subject "land». (A) is used correctly because it is the expression "together with" that adds to the subject. (B) is the correct adjective "other" to refer to countries. (D) is the correct adjective to describe the project.

The following collective nouns use singular verbs: everyone, everything, everybody, neither, somebody, one of, each of , every.

The following words use "is" although they end with an "s" and may seem plural:

United States, statistics, physics, mathematics, economics, news.

The following expressions also use "is":

Time Expressions: Two minutes is better than nothing.

Money Expressions: Fifty dollars is a lot of money for a blouse.

Distance Expressions: Three miles is a good distance for a morning walk.

DIRECTIONS: Choose the best phrase or word which is grammatically incorrect.

1. People who gets a lot done know ahead of time what is important to them.

ANSWER: (A) is the answer because the verb form "gets" – present tense

Singular form – does not agree with “people” which is plural. (B) is correct because it is the present tense, plural form for the subject “people”. (C) is correct because it is the correct wording of the phrase “ahead of time”. (D) is the correct noun clause that serves as the direct object of the verb “know”.

2. According to the philosophy of the German George Wilhelm Frierich Hegel,

art, religion, and philosophy is the bases of the highest spiritual development.

B C D

ANSWER: (B) is the answer because the verb is not correct. The subject is a . compound subject – art, religion, and philosophy – so the verb should be plural, "are». (C) is correct because it is the plural form of "basis», and the plural form is needed due to the compound subject. (D) is correct because the superlative form is used with "the».

3. A book on mathematics are going to help out when the time comes.

A B C D

ANSWER: (C) is the answer because the verb is not correct. The subject is "book" so the verb should be singular, "is». Even if the word "mathematics" had been the subject, it should be treated as singular. (A) is correct because reference is made to any book on mathematics. (B) is correct because books are "on" or about a particular subject. (D) is correct because it gives the correct time frame.

4. The three elements of speed, strength, and technique is vital to karate expertise.

A B C D

ANSWER: (C) is the answer because the subject is "the three elements" followed by a prepositional phrase explaining what the three elements are – speed, strength, and technique – so the verb should be plural, "are». (A) is correct because the preposition introduces what the three elements are. (B) adds the third element. (D) is the correct preposition following "vital».

4. In the Gothic Cathedral of Boyeux is Romanesque sections dating from the

A B C

twelfth century .

ANSWER: (B) is the answer because the verb is not in the correct number. The subject is "Romanesque sections" a plural subject, which requires a plural verb. The correct plural verb form should be "are». (A) is correct because it is a correct expression to say where something is located. (C) is correct because "dating" tells from when the sections date. (D) tells from what century the sections date.

V. WORD USAGE ERROR AREAS

Word Form Errors: Prefixes and Suffixes

Word form errors are made when the sentence includes a verb or adjective form used incorrectly as a noun, or a noun form used incorrectly as an adjective or verb. There is a very logical way to recognize if the word is in its proper form.

Basic knowledge of the English language, especially a familiarity with its numerous prefixes, can help build vocabulary and also strengthen spelling. For example, if one knows that "inter" means "between" and "intra" means "within», one is not likely to spell "intramural" "intermural». (The former means within the limits or limits of a city, college, etc.)

The following table lists some common Latin and Greek prefixes which are part of the foundation of the English language.

PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE

Ab-, a, abs away, from abstain

Ad- to, toward adjacent

Ante- before antecedent

Anti- against antidote

Bi- two bisect

Cata-, cat-, cath- down cataclysm

Contra- against contrary

Circum- around circumlocution

De- down, from decline

di- twice diatonic

dis-, di- apart, away dissolve

epi-, ep-, eph- upon, among epidemic

ex-, e- out of, from extricate

hyper- beyond, over hyperactive

in- in, into instill

inter- among, between intercede

intra- within intramural

meta-, met- along, with metaphysics

mono- one monolith

ob- against obstruct

para-, par- beside parallel

per- through permeate

pre- before prehistoric

pro- before project

super- above superior

tele-, tel- across television

trans- far transpose

ultra- beyond ultraviolet

A suffix is a syllable added to a word that affects its meaning. When a suffix is added to a word, it does not change its meaning radically, but it does change the verb it has in a sentence.

EXAMPLES:

1. The struggle for survival is the most basic of all natural instincts.

(adding suffix -al to verb survive )

2. The fact that he had not been to see her lay like a weight on his conscience.

(adding suffix -t to verb weigh )

3. The general form of African government today is democracy.

(adding suffix - ment to verb govern )

Learn to recognize these “Suffixes for Nouns”

SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE

-acy quality of being or having candidacy, diplomacy

-age collection of, condition of salvage, carriage

-al pertaining to, having the character of refusal, denial

-an pertaining to, one concerned with artisan, partisan

-ance quality of fragrance, romance

-ancy quality of buoyancy, vagrancy

-ar pertaining to scholar

-ard one who subscribes to excess drunkard

-ation action or process of determination,

imagination

-dom state or condition of being freedom, kingdom

-ence quality of being patience, diligence

-ency quality of being emergency, efficiency

-er a person or thing connected with labourer, worker

-ss used to form feminine hostess, tigress

-hood state of being statehood, motherhood

-ice condition avarice, malice

-ism belief in schism, communism

-ite one connected with Israelite, plebiscite

-ity quality of security, celebrity

-ment result of bombardment,

department

-ness state or quality of being kindness, sadness

- or state of tutor, dictator

-ship condition of ambassadorship

partnership

-sion act of diversion, convertion

-th result of action growth, wealth

-tion act of dedication, celebration

-ty state of being modesty, frailty

Learn to recognize these “Suffixes for Adjectives”

SUFFIX MEANING Example

-able capable of movable, repairable

-ac pertaining to maniac, cardiac

-al having the character of terminal, thermal

-ar pertaining to circular, cellular

-ary connected with imaginary, sedentary

-ful possessing the quality of hasteful, spiteful

-ible able to be visible, reversible

-ish having the quality of mannish, boyish

-ive tending to secretive, evasive

-less without endless, countless

-ous full of gracious, spacious

-ulent abounding in succulent,

fraudulent

-y quality of nosy, greedy

Learn to recognize these “Suffixes for Verbs”.

SUFFIX MEANING Example

-ate characterized by facilitate, dedicate

-en to make deepen, thicken

-ify to make, to do something quantify, qualify

-ize to make, to do something, to subject to criticize, fertilize

Learn to recognize these “Suffixes for Adverbs”.

SUFFIX MEANING Example

-ly in a specified manner commonly, quietly

-fold having specified number of parts tenfold, manifold

-ward toward inward, outward

-wise in a specified manner lengthwise,

otherwise

WORD CHOICE ERRORS

Correlative Conjunctions

The following words go together:

either ……………….or

neither……………….nor

not only ……………..but (also)

whether………………or

both ………………….and

Also note that if an adjective follows one, an adjective must follow the other. If a noun follows one, a noun or pronoun must follow the other.

EXAMPLE:

1. Illustrator Mercer Mayer has won awards for his drawings of ………. adult and children’s books.

(A) the two

(B) both

(D) also

ANSWER: (B) is correct because it completes the correlative conjunction pair: both … and. (A) is not correct because it means that the illustrator won the awards for only two books. (C) is incorrect because it attempts to use “together” as an adjective, an incorrect form. (D) “also” is used to add on, but nothing is there to add on to.

Parallel Structures

Parallel structure is the same form of two or more grammatically related elements. Whenever words or phrases are joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor), they should have the same form.

EXAMPLE: 1. The review was very critical of the film, citing the poor photography, weak plot, and ___________.

(A) also including the boring dialogue

(B) boring dialogue

(D) but the dialogue was boring

ANSWER: (B) is a noun form, just like "photography" and "plot», the other areas criticized by the review. Connect the same elements with "and», which is supplied. The other answers begin with conjunctions which would make the sentence confusing and incorrect. Oppose two different ideas with "but». "While" indicates an importance of time. "Also" includes another idea which may be similar or different.

Comparison of Adjectives

Adjectives and adverbs have three forms that show a greater or lesser degree of the characteristic of the basic word: the positive, the comparative, and the superlative. The basic word is called the positive. The comparative is used to refer to two persons, things, or groups. The superlative is used to refer to more than two people, things, or groups; it indicates the greatest or least degree of the quality named Most adjectives of one syllable become comparative by adding "er" to the ending and become superlative by adding "est" to the ending. In adjectives ending with "y", the "y" changes to "i" before adding the endings.

Examples of comparison of adjectives:

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

little littler, less littlest, least

happy happier happiest

late later latest

brave braver bravest

lovely lovelier loveliest

long longer longest

friendly friendlier friendliest

fast faster fastest

shrewd shrewder shrewdest

tall taller tallest

Adjectives of two or more syllables usually form their comparative degree by adding "more" (or "less") and form their superlative degree by adding "most" (or "least"). Examples of comparison of adjectives of two or more syllables:

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

handsome more handsome most handsome

less handsome least handsome

timid more timid most timid

less timid least timid

tentative more tentative most tentative

less tentative least tentative

valuable more valuable most valuable

less valuable least valuable

endearing more endearing most endearing

less endearing least endearing

Some adjectives are irregular; their comparatives and superlatives are formed by changes in the words themselves.

Examples of comparison of irregular adjectives:

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

good better best

many more most

much

some

bad worse worst

little less least

far farther farthest

further furthest

DEFINITION: farther – referring to a physical distance.

further – referring to a differing degree, time, or quality.

Adverbs are compared in the same way as adjectives of more than one syllable: by adding “more” (or “less”) for the comparative degree and “most” (or “least”) for the superlative.

Examples of comparison of adverbs:

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

easily more easily most easily

less easily least easily

quickly more quickly most quickly

less quickly least quickly

truthfully more truthfully most truthfully

Some adverbs are irregular; some add “er”, “est”.

Examples of comparison of irregular adverbs:

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

little less least

well better best

far farther farthest

badly worse worst

fast faster fastest

soon sooner soonest

much more most

hard harder hardest

close closer closest

The comparative and superlative indicate not only the differences in the degree of the quality named, but also in the number of things discussed.

Use the comparative to compare two things:

Mary is the more lazy of the two.

I’ve tasted creamier cheese than this.

James is the shorter of the two boys.

Of the two, I like Gail better.

My teacher is kinder than yours.

This book is more interesting than that one.

Use the superlative to compare more than two things :

Mary is the laziest girl I know.

This is the creamiest cheese I've ever tasted.

James is the shortest boy in the class.

Of those five people, I liked Gail best.

My teacher is the kindest in the school.

This book is the most interesting of the three.

There are some words to which comparison does not apply, since they already indicate the highest degree of a quality:

Here are some examples:

immediately superlative first

last very unique

uniquely universally perfect

perfectly exact complete

correct dead deadly

preferable round perpendicularly

square third supreme

totally infinitely immortal

ERRORS TO AVOID IN COMPARISON

Do not combine two superlatives:

NO: That was the most bravest thing he ever did.

YES: That was the bravest thing he ever did.

NO: He grew up to be the most handsomest boy in the town.

YES: He grew up to be the most handsome boy in the town.

Do not combine two comparatives:

NO: Mary was more friendlier than Susan.

YES: Mary was friendlier than Susan.

NO: The puppy was more timider last week.

YES: The puppy was more timid last week.

COMPARISON WITH "OTHER», "ELSE" OR "OF ALL"

A common mistake when comparing members of a group is to forget to indicate that the item being held up for comparison is still a part of the rest of the group to which it is being compared. The addition of "other" or "else" to the comparative makes this relationship more clear. If the superlative is used, adding "of all" makes the meaning more definite and emphatic.

NO: She is a better piano player than any pianist in our group.

(Is she part of the group?)

YES: She is a better piano player than any other pianist in our group.

(It is now clear that she is a member of the group.)

NO: Our dog is smarter than any on the block. (

Does the dog live on the block!)

YES: Our dog is smarter than any other on the block.

(Now it is obvious that the dog lives on the block.)

NO: Your car is the fastest car in the neighbourhood.

(Whose neighbourhood?)

YES: Your car is the fastest of all the cars in the neighbourhood.

(Your car belongs in the neighbourhood.)

CONFUSION WITH ADVERBS AND ADJECTIVES

There are two categories of verbs after which an adjective form is used instead of an adverb form. When using these verbs, it is easy to make a mistake and use an adverb instead of an adjective since, logically, the modifier seems to refer to the verb, but actually it refers to the subject.

Use an adjective after:

1. Forms of the verb "to be" and other nonaction verbs such as:

seem appear become

remain prove

The boy was studious. (studious boy)

She appears happy. (happy girl)

The prediction proved incorrect. (incorrect prediction)

Jim remained depressed. (depressed Jim)

2. Verbs of the senses such as:

taste feel look

smell sound

Marianne feels sick. (sick Marianne)

That apple tastes good. (good apple)

Those girls look beautiful. (beautiful girls)

The music sounded crisp and clear. (crisp and clear music)

The cake smelled appetizing. (appetizing cake)

NO: Those girls look beautifully. (wrong)

Those girls look beautifully. (illogical)

YES: She appears happy.

She is happy. (logical)

NO: I feel badly (wrong)

I am badly (illogical)

YES: The rose smells sweet.

The rose is sweet. (logical)

YES: The music sounded crisp and clear

The music is crisp and clear. (logical)

Sometimes the modifier refers to the verb, or clarifying the manner of the action. In this case, the adverbial form must be used.

She felt cautiously for the light switch. (felt cautiously)

The music sounded loudly in her ears. (sounded loudly)

Her parents appeared immediately after she called. (immediately appeared)

THE ARTICLES – LIMITING ADJECTIVES

The most commonly used adjectives are the shortest – the articles "a», "an», "the" that signal nouns. A and an are called indefinite articles because they refer any unspecified member of a group or class. The is called a definite article because it refers to a specific member of a group or class. Articles function as adjectives because they limit a noun or pronoun.

Indefinite articles – "a" "and" "an" Definite article – "the"

a pen a refrigerator the pen (a specific pen)

a tree a secretary the tree (a specific tree)

an onion an error the error (a specific error)

"A" is used before words beginning with a consonant sound, and "an" before words with a vowel sound. This is an important distinction; it is not the spelling that determines whether to use "a" or "an», but the sound. .

an umbrella BUT a university

a radio BUT an R.C.A. record

an hour BUT a human being

ERRORS TO AVOID IN USING THE ARTICLE

Do not use the before "both":

NO: Let's see the both of them on Saturday.

YES: Let's see both of them on Saturday.

NO: He helped the both of them out of the car.

YES: He helped both of them out of the car.

Do not use a or an after phrases ending with "of», such as "kind of», "sort of», "type of», "manner of":

NO: What kind of a car did he buy?

YES: What kind of car did he buy?

NO: He was not that sort of a person.

YES: He was not that sort of person.

The following possessive forms of pronouns, "my», "our», "your», "her», "his», "its», "their" are also limiting adjectives. They help to define or limit the noun or the pronoun. Indefinite, demonstrative, interrogative and relative pronouns also function as adjectives when they modify a noun or pronoun.

Take this road.

Will you hand me some silverware?

Whose sweater is this?

That was my paper which won.

The girl whose purse was stolen was very upset.

NUMBER – PLURAL NOUNS

Most nouns can be singular or plural. The usual plural form adds "s" to the end of the word:

desk desks

book books

girl girls

lamp lamps

guest guests

idea ideas

letter letters

smile smiles

However, there are many exceptions to this guideline. After "y" preceded by a consonant, "y" changes to "i" and "es" is added:

forty forties ecstasy ecstasies

lady ladies category categories

country countries sky skies

baby babies secretary secretaries

cabby cabbies berry berries

economy economies fairy fairies

If the final “y” is preceded by a vowel, no change is made and the plural is formed by adding “s”;

money moneys decoy decoys

buy buys guy guys

attorney attorneys abbey abbeys

valley valleys boy boys

volley volleys monkey monkeys

If the last sound in the word is "s», "z», "ch», "sh», or "x», an "es" is added. The "es" is added so the word can be easily pronounced.

class classes branch branches

box boxes dish dishes

kiss kisses fish fishes

fox foxes ranch ranches

watch watches match matches

However, if the "ch" is pronounced "k», only "s" is added:

stomach stomachs monarch monarchs

epoch epochs

Often the final "fe" or "f" in one syllable words becomes "ves":

half halves

wife wives

life lives

leaf leaves

hoof hooves

calf calves

There are exceptions, of course:

chief chiefs

roof roofs

Many nouns have plural forms that are irregular:

child children goose geese

sheep sheep cherub cherubim

mouse mice deer deer

series series man men

foot feet ox oxen

For nouns ending in "o», add "s" or "es" to form the plural. These spellings must be memorized individually.

solo solos tomato tomatoes

piano pianos potato potatoes

studio studios

Finally, there are a number of foreign words that have become part of the language that retain their foreign plural form. There is a trend that Anglicizes the spelling of some of these plural forms by adding "s" to the singular noun. In the list that follows, the letter(s) in parentheses indicate the second acceptable spelling as listed by Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary.

axis axes

radius radii (radiuses)

bureau bureaux (s)

plateau plateaux (s)

larva larvae (s)

vertebra vertebrae (s)

crisis crises

parenthesis parentheses

criterion criteria (s)

phenomenon phenomena (s)

vortex vortices (es)

matrix matrices (es)

memorandum memorandums (a)

stratum strata

symposium symposia (s)

appendix appendices (es)

As you can see, there are many peculiarities associated with plural formation. It is advisable to have a dictionary on hand to check plural forms.

POSSESSIVE CASE

The possessive case of nouns is formed by adding an apostrophe and an "s" to words that do not end with an "s" or a "z" sound:

a fox's cunning anyone's choice

the girl’s dress the tree’s leaves

somebody’s letter the mother’s hope

the room’s colour the men’s store

the children’s game the M.D.’s charges

one's desire anybody else's way

nobody's business our school's record

Jeannie's grades Mr. Smith's hopes

The preference is to add only an apostrophe to words when they end in an "s" or "z" sound:

a lioness' strength the lynx' tail

the boys' bicycles the crocus' growth

the girls' dresses the Roberts' address

Burns' poems the hostess' gown

for goodness' sake Dickens' story

M.D.s' theories the Jones' house

However, it is also acceptable to add "s" if the sound is not unpleasant or difficult to pronounce:

a lioness's strength the lynx's tail

Burns's poems crocus's growth

the Roberts's address the hostess's gown

Dickens's story the Jones's house

the boys's bicycles the girls's dresses

for goodness's sake the M.D.s's theories

It is the sound that determines whether to add ('s) or only (').

THE "OF" PHRASE

When the possessive form refers to an animate object, such as a person, the addition of (') or ('s) to the noun is the standard procedure. However, an "of" phrase is most often preferred when the possession refers to an inanimate object.

TOEFL # 1

Directions.

Each sentence in this part has four words or phrases underlined. The four underlined parts of the sentences are marked A, B, C, D. You are to identify the one underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or rewritten. Then , on your answer sheet , find the number of the problem and mark your answer.

1. The main office of the factory can be found in Maple Street in New York

A B C D

City.

2. Because there are less members present tonight than there were last night, we

A B C

must wait until the next meeting to vote .

3. David is particularly fond of cooking, and he often cooks really delicious

A B C D

dishes.

4. The progress made in space travel for the early 1960s is remarkable.

A B C D

5. Sandra has not rarely missed a play or concert since she was seventeen years old .

A B C D

6. The governor has not decided how to deal with the new problems already .

A B C D

7. There was a very interesting news on the radio this morning about the earthquake

A B C D

in Italy.

8. The professor had already given the homework assignment when he had

A B

remembered that Monday was a holiday.

B C D

9. Having been beaten by the police for striking an officer , the man will cry out in

A B C D

pain.

10. This table is not sturdy enough to support a television, and that one probably

A B C

isn’t neither .

11. The bridge was hitting by a large ship during a sudden storm last week.

A B C D

12. The company representative sold to the manager a sewing machine for forty

A B C D

dollars.

13. The taxi driver told the man to don’t allow his disobedient son to hang out of

A B C D

the window.

14. These televisions are quite popular in Europe, but those ones are not.

A B C D

15. Harvey seldom pays his bills on time , and his brother does too .

A B C D

16. The price of crude oil used to be a great deal lowe r than now, wasn’t it?

A B C D

17. When an university formulates new regulations , it must relay its decision to the

A B C D

students and faculty.

18. Jim was upset last night because he had to do too many homeworks .

A B C D

19. There is some scissors in the desk drawer in the bedroom if you need them.

A B C D

20. The Board of Realtors doesn’t have any informations about the increase in rent

A B C D

fo r this area.

21. George is not enough intelligent to pass this economics class without help.

A B C D

22. There were so much people trying to leave the burning building that the police

A B C D

had a great deal of trouble controlling them.

23. John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975, but he is now living in Detroit.

A B C D

24. The fire began in the fifth floor of the hotel, but it soon spread to adjacent

A B C D

floors.

25. Mrs. Anderson bought last week a new sports car , however , she has yet to

A B C

learn how to operate the manual gearshift.

TOEFL # 2

Directions.

1. The officials object to them wearing long dresses for the inaugural dance

A B C

at the country club.

2. Janet is finally used to cook on electric stove after having a gas one for so

A B C D

long .

3. He knows to repair the carburetor without taking the whole part

A B C

apart .

4. Stuart stopped to write his letter because he had to leave for the hospital .

A B C D

5. She must retyping the report before she hands it in to the director of

A B C D

financing.

6. How much times did Rick and Jennifer have to do the experiment before

A B

they obtained the results they had been expecting .

C D

7. Each of the students in the accounting class has to type their own

A B C D

research paper this semester.

8. Mrs. Stevens, along with her cousins from New Mexico, are planning to

A B C D

attend the festivities.

9. They are going to have to leave soon , and so do we.

A B C D

10. All the students are looking forward spending their free time relaxing in the

A B C D

sun this summer.

11. Dresses, skirts, shoes, and children’s clothing are advertised at great

A B C D

reduced prices this weekend.

12. Mary and her sister just bought two new winters coats at the clearance sale. A B C D

13. A lunch of soup and sandwiches do not appeal to all of the students.

A B C D

14. Some of us have to study their lessons more carefully if we expect to pass

A B C D

this examination.

15. Mr. Peters used to think of hisself as the only president of the company .

A B C D

16. The instructor advised the students for the procedures to follow in writing the term paper. A B C D

17. Although both of them are trying to get the scholarship, she has the

A B C

highest grades.

18. The new technique calls for heat the mixture before applying it to the

wood . A B C D

19. The pilot and the crew divided the life preservers between the twenty

A B C

frantic passengers.

20. A five-thousand-dollars reward was offered for the capture of the escaped

A B C D

criminals.

21. The equipment in the office was badly in need of to be repaired.

A B C D

22. A liter is one of the metric measurements , aren’t they?

A B C D

23. We thought he is planning to go on vacation after the first of the month.

A B C D

24. There are a large supply of pens and notebooks in the storeroom to the

A B C D

left of the library entrance.

25. The president refuses to accept either of the four new proposals made by

A B C D

the contractors.

TOEFL # 3

Each sentence in this part has four words or phrases underlined. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked (A),(B), (C),(D). You are to identify the one underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or rewritten.Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the problem and mark your answer.

1.She wishes that we didn’t send her the candy yesterday because she is on a diet.

A B C D

2.They are planning on attending the convention next month, and so I am.

A B C D

3.Today was such beautiful day that I couldn’t bring myself to complete all

A B C

my chores.

4. While they were away at the beach, they allowed their neighbours use their

A B C D

barbeque grill.

5. The artist tried stimulate interest in painting by taking his students to the

A B C D

museums.

6. Mumps are a very common disease which usually affects children.

A B C D

7. Nancy said that she went to the supermarket before coming home.

A B C D

8. Before she moved here, Arlene had been president of the organization

A B C

since four years.

9. Each of the nurses report to the operating room when his or her name

A B C

is called.

10. The athlete , together with his coach and several relatives, are travelling

A B C D

to the Olympic Games.

11. Professor Duncan teaches both anthropology as well as sociology each fall.

A B C D

12. My brother is in California on vacation, but I wish he was here so that he

A B C

could help me repair my car.

13.I certainly appreciate him telling us about the delay in delivering

A B C D

the materials because we had planned to begin work tomorrow.

14. The chemistry instructor explained the experiment in such of a way that

A B

it was easily understood.

C D

15. Rudolph Nureyev has become one of the greatest dancer that the ballet

A B C

world has ever known.

16. He has less friends in his classes now than he had last year.

A B C D

17. The town we visited was a four - days journey from our hotel, so we took

A B C

the train instead of the bus.

18. The influence of the nation’s literature, art, and science have captured

A B C

widespread attention.

19. The leader emphasized the need for justice and equality between his

A B C

people.

20. Many of the population in the rural areas is composed of manual labourers.

A B C D

21. Several people have apparent tried to change the man’s mind , but he refuses

A B C

to listen.

22. Keith is one of the most intelligent boys of the science class.

A B C D

23. The girls were sorry to had missed the singers when they arrived at the

A B C D

airport.

24. When Keith visited Alaska, he lived in a igloo in the winter months as well

A B C D

as in the spring.

25. The harder he tried , the worst he danced before the large audience.

A B C D

TOEFL # 4

Each sentence in TOEFL 4 has four words or phrases underlined. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked (A), (B), (C), (D). You are to identify the one underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or rewritten. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the problem and mark your answer.

1. While searching for the wreckage of a unindentified aircraft, the Coast Guard

A B C

encountered severe squalls at sea.

2. Although a number of police officers was guarding the priceless treasures in the

A B

museum, the director worried that someone would try to steal them.

C D

3. Since it was so difficult for American Indians to negotiate a peace treaty or

A B

declare war in their native language, they used a universal understood form of sign language. C D

4. Louis Braille designed a form of communication enabling people to convey and

A B

preserve their thoughts to incorporate a series of dots which were read by their finger tips. C D

5. While verbilization is the most common form of language in existence, humans

A B

make use of many others systems and techniques to express their thoughts and feelings. C D

6. The need for a well-rounded education was an idea espoused by the Greeks in

A B C D

time of Socrates.

7. Writers and media personnel sell theirselves best by the impression given in their

A B C

verbal expression.

8. In the spirit of the naturalist writers, that author’s work portrays man’s struggle

A B C

for surviving.

9. Stephen Crane’s story is a clinical portrayal of man as an animal trapped by the

A B C D

fear and hunger.

10. Their silly, whiny conversation on a child level was meant to create tension and

A B

heighten Nancy’s fears and anxiety.

C D

11. For a long time, this officials have been known throughout the country as

A B C

political bosses and law enforcers.

12. Nora hardly never misses an opportunity to play in the tennis tournaments.

A B C D

13. Air pollution, together with littering, are causing many problems in our large,

A B C D

industrial cities today.

14. Because of the severe snow storm and the road blocks, the air force dropped

A B C

food and medical supplies close the city.

15. Hummingbirds are the only birds capable to fly backward as well as forward,

A B C D

up and down.

16. The news of the president’s treaty negotiations with the foreign government

were received with the mixed emotions by the citizens of both governments.

B C D

17. Angie’s bilingual ability and previous experience were the qualities that

A B

which helped her get the job over all the other candidates.

C D

18. Joel giving up smoking has caused him to gain weight and become irritable

A B C D

with his acquaintances.

19. They asked me what did happen last night, but I was unable to tell them.

A B C D

20. The test administrator ordered we not to open our books until he told us to do so. A B C D

21. Our new neighbours had been living in Arizona since ten years before

A B C D

moving

to their present house.

22. I would of attended the meeting of the planning committee last week, but I had

A B C

to deliver a speech at a convention.

C D

23. We are suppose to read all of chapter seven and answer the questions

A B C

for tomorrow’s class.

24. The explanation that our instructor gave us was different than the one you

A B C D

gave me.

25. In the sixteenth century, Spain became involved in foreign wars with several

A B C

other European countries and could not find the means of finance the battles that

ensued.

TOEFL #5

Each sentence in this part has four words or phrases underlined. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked (A), (B), (C), (D). You are to identify the one underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or rewritten. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the problem and mark your answer.

1 .Most Americans wouldn't be happy without a colour television, two cars,

A B C

and working at an extra job.

2. The lion has long been a symbol of strength, power, and it is very cruel .

A B C D

3. All the scouts got theirselves ready for the camping trip by spending their

A B C

weekends living in the open.

4. Nobody had known before the presentation that Sue and her sister will

A B C

receive the awards for outstanding scholarship.

5. In 1927 Charles Lindbergh was the first to fly solo nonstop from New

A B

York to Paris in such short time .

C D

6 .Until his last class at the university in 1978, Bob always turns in all of his

A B C

assignments on time.

7 .When I last saw Janet, she hurried to her next class on the other side of

A B C

the campus and did not have time to talk.

8. Before we returned from swimming in their river near the camp, someone

had stole our clothes, and we had to walk back with our towels around us.

B C D

9. Patrick was very late getting home last night, and unfortunately for him

A B

the dog barking woke everyone up .

C D

10. He has been hoped for a raise for the last four months, but his boss is

A B

reluctant to give him one .

C D

11. After driving for twenty miles, he suddenly realized that he has been

A B C

driving in the wrong direction.

12. The Department of Foreign Languages are not located in the new

A B C

building opposite the old one.

13. The Nobel prize winning candidate, accompanied by his wife and

children, are staying in Sweden until after the presentation.

B C D

14. Neither of the scout leaders know how to trap wild animals or how to

A B C

prepare them for mounting .

15. Those of you who signed up for Dr. Daniel's anthropology class should

A B

get their books as soon as possible .

C D

16. I put my new book of zoology here on the desk a few minutes ago , but I

A B C

cannot seem to find it.

17. Martha being chosen as the most understanding student on her campus

A B C

made her parents very happy.

18. Jane said she would borrow me her new movie camera if I wanted to use

A B C

on my trip to Europe.

19. When Cliff was sick with the flu, his mother made him to eat chicken

A B C

soup and rest in bed.

20. My cousin composes not only the music, but also sings the songs for the

A B C

major Broadway musicals.

21. The geology professor showed us a sample about volcanic rock which

A B C

dated back seven hundred years ago.

22. The girl whom my cousin married was used to be a chorus girl for the

A B C D

Rockettes in Radio City Music Hall in New York.

23 .Ralph has called his lawyer last night to tell him about his problems, but

A B

was told that the lawyer had gone to a lecture.

C D

24 .Some bumper stickers are very funny and make us laugh, yet another

A B C

can make us angry because of their ridiculousness .

25. The results of the test proved to Fred and me that we needed to study

A B C

harder and watch less movies on television if we wanted to receive

scholarships.

TOEFL # 6

Each sentence in this part has four words or phrases underlined. The four underlined parts are marked (A), (B), (C), (D). You are to identify the one

underlined phrase that should be corrected or rewritten. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the problem and mark your answer.

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