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содержание .. 26 27 28 29 ..
2.38
ȼɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ɇɚɠɦɢɬɟ
ɧɚ
ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶ
1
ɫɨ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ
¶
ɋɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɥɚɦɩɚ
6
ɡɚɝɨɪɚɟɬɫɹ
ɨɪɚɧ
-
ɠɟɜɵɦ
ɰɜɟɬɨɦ
ɢ
,
ɜ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɨɬ
ɚɜɬɨ
-
ɦɨɛɢɥɹ
,
ɧɚ
ɳɢɬɤɟ
ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ
ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ
«
ɅɂɆɂɌ
»
ɢɥɢ
ɡɚɝɨɪɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫɢɝ
-
ɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɥɚɦɩɚ
ɜɦɟɫɬɟ
ɫɨ
ɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ
ɬɢɪɟ
.
ɗɬɨ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ
,
ɱɬɨ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɶ
ɫɤɨ
-
ɪɨɫɬɢ
ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧ
ɢ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɜ
ɪɟɠɢɦɟ
ɨɠɢ
-
ɞɚɧɢɹ
ɞɥɹ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢ
-
ɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
.
Ⱦɥɹ
ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɬɟɤɭɳɟɣ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ɧɚ
-
ɠɦɢɬɟ
ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶ
2
(+):
ɜɦɟɫɬɨ
ɩɭɧ
-
ɤɬɢɪɧɨɣ
ɥɢɧɢɢ
ɩɨɹɜɢɬɫɹ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢ
-
ɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
.
Ɇɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɡɚɧɟɫɬɢ
ɜ
ɩɚɦɹɬɶ
, 30
ɤɦ
/
ɱ
.
Ɉɪɝɚɧɵ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
1
Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɣ
ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥ
ɶ ©ȼɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟº
ɜ
ɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ª
.
2
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ
,
ɡɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ
ɜ
ɩɚɦɹɬɶ
ɢ
ɭɜɟ
-
ɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɤɨ±
ɪɨɫɬɢ
(+).
3
ɉɨɲɚɝɨɜɨɟ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
(-).
4
ȼɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ɫ
ɜɵɡɨɜɨɦ
ɡɚɧɟɫɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ
ɩɚɦɹɬɶ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫ
±
ɬɢ ɞɜɢ
ɠɟɧɢɹ
(R
ɢɥɢ
²
—
ɜ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɨɬ ɤɨɦ
ɩɥɟɤɬɚɰɢɢ
ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹ
²
—
RES).
5
ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɜ
ɪɟɠɢɦ
ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹ
³ɫ
ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟɦ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟ
±
ɧɢɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
) (O).
Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɶ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
·
ɷɬɨ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ
,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɧɟ
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ
ɡɚɞɚɧ
-
ɧɭɸ
ȼɚɦɢ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ
,
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟ
-
ɦɭɸ
ограничением
скорости
.
ɈȽɊȺɇɂɑɂɌȿɅɖ
ɋɄɈɊɈɋɌɂ
Ⱦȼɂɀȿɇɂə
(1/3)
6
1
2
3
4
5
2.39
ɉɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ȼ
ɥɸɛɨɣ
ɦɨɦɟɧɬ
ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɬɶ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫ
±
ɬɢ
,
ɞɥɹ
ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɪɟɡɤɨ
ɢ
ɞɨ
ɭɩɨɪɚ
ɧɚɠɦɢɬɟ
ɧɚ
ɩɟɞɚɥɶ
ɚɤɫɟɥɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ
(
ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɜɚɹ
ɟɟ
«
ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ
»).
ȼ
ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ɧɚ
ɳɢɬɤɟ
ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ
ɦɢɝɚɟɬ
ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɟ
ɡɧɚ
-
ɱɟɧɢɟ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹ
.
Ɂɚɬɟɦ
ɨɬɩɭɫɬɢɬɟ
ɩɟɞɚɥɶ
ɚɤɫɟɥɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ
:
ɪɚɧɟɟ
ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɣ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɨɣ
ɪɟɠɢɦ
ɜɨɫ
-
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ
ɫɪɚɡɭ
,
ɤɚɤ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɚɜ
-
ɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹ
ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ
ɧɢɠɟ
ɪɚɧɟɟ
ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
.
ȼ
ɤɚɤɢɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɶ
ɧɟ
ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ
ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɟ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ɉɪɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɩɭɫɤɟ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɧɟ
ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ
ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ
ɪɚɡɝɨɧ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɨ±
ɛɢɥɹ·
ɜ
ɷɬɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɧɚ
ɳɢɬɤɟ
ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ
ɦɢɝɚɟɬ
ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
,
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɹ
ȼɚɫ
ɨɛ
ɷɬɨɦ
.
ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ȼɵ
ɦɨɠɟɬɟ
ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ
ɫɤɨ
-
ɪɨɫɬɶ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɹ
,
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɧɚ
-
ɠɢɦɚɹ
ɧɚ
:
–
ɤɧɨɩɤ
ɭ
2
(+)
ɞɥɹ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
;
–
ɤɧɨɩɤ
ɭ
3
(-)
ɞɥɹ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
.
ȼɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹ
Ʉɨɝɞɚ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ɡɚɧɟɫɟɧɨ
ɜ
ɩɚɦɹɬɶ
,
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɦ
ɩɪɨɢɫ
-
ɯɨɞɢɬ
ɬɚɤ
ɠɟ
,
ɤɚɤ
ɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɚɜɬɨɦɨ
-
ɛɢɥɟɦ
ɛɟɡ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨ
-
ɫɬɢ
,
ɩɨɤɚ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹ
ɧɟ
ɫɬɚɧɟɬ
ɪɚɜɧɨɣ
ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
.
ɉɨɫɥɟ
ɬɨɝɨ
ɤɚɤ
ȼɵ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɟɬɟ
ɡɚɧɟɫɟɧ
-
ɧɨɝɨ
ɜ
ɩɚɦɹɬɶ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
,
ɥɸɛɨɟ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɧɚ
ɩɟɞɚɥɶ
ɚɤɫɟɥɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ
ɧɟ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ
ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɬɶ
ɡɚɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨ
-
ɜɚɧɧɭɸ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ
,
ɡɚ
ɢɫɤɥɸ
-
ɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɷɤɫɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ
(
ɫɦ
.
ɪɚɡɞɟɥ
«
ɉɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
»).
ɈȽɊȺɇɂɑɂɌȿɅɖ
ɋɄɈɊɈɋɌɂ
Ⱦȼɂɀȿɇɂə
(2/3)
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨ
-
ɫɬɢ
ɧɟ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɪ±
ɦɨɡɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ
¶
2
3
2.40
ɈȽɊȺɇɂɑɂɌȿɅɖ
ɋɄɈɊɈɋɌɂ
Ⱦȼɂɀȿɇɂə
(3/3)
ȼɵɡɨɜ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ȿɫɥɢ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɨ
,
ɟɝɨ
ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ
,
ɧɚɠɚɜ
ɧɚ
ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚ
-
ɬɟɥɶ
4
(R
ɢɥɢ
²
—
ɜ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɨɬ
ɤɨɦ
-
ɩɥɟɤɬɚɰɢɢ
ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹ
²
—
RES
´
.
ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɜ
ɪɟɠɢɦ
ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹ
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɢɨɫɬɚ
-
ɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɢ
ɧɚɠɚɬɢɢ
ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɹ
5
(O).
ȼ
ɷɬɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
значение
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜ
ɩɚɦɹɬɢ
ɢ
,
ɜ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɨɬ
ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹ
,
ɧɚ
ɳɢɬɤɟ
ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ
ɩɨɹɜ
-
ɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ
©
ɉȺɆəɌɖ
»
ɢɥɢ
ɡɚɝɨ
-
ɪɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɥɚɦɩɚ
ɜɦɟɫɬɟ
ɫ
ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɣ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
.
Ɉɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ȿɫɥɢ
ɜɵ
ɧɚɠɢɦɚɟɬɟ
ɧɚ
ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶ
1
,
ɪɟɠɢɦ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɨɬ
-
ɦɟɧɟɧ
ɛɟɡ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢ
-
ɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
.
Ɉɪɚɧɠɟɜɚɹ
ɫɢɝɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɥɚɦɩɚ
ɧɚ
ɳɢɬɤɟ
ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ
ɝɚɫɧɟɬ
,
ɩɨɞ
-
ɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɹ
ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
.
Ʉɨɝɞɚ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɶ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ɧɚɯɨ
-
ɞɢɬɫɹ
ɜ
ɪɟɠɢɦɟ
ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹ
,
ɧɚɠɚɬɢɟ
ɧɚ
ɤɧɨɩɤɭ
2
(+)
ɡɚɩɭɫɬɢɬ
ɟɝɨ
,
ɧɨ
ɫɨɯɪɚ
-
ɧɟɧɧɨɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ɧɟ
ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɭɱɬɟɧɨ
:
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬ
ɬɟɤɭ
-
ɳɚɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹ
.
1
2
3
4
5
2.41
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɟɞ
-
ɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ
,
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸ
-
ɳɭɸ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ
ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹ
ɫɨ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ
,
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɜɵ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢ
;
ɞɚɧɧɚɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ
ɫɤɨ
-
ɪɨɫɬɶɸ
.
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ
ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹ
,
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ
ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
,
ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ
ɥɸɛɨɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɲɟ
30
ɤɦ
/
ɱ
.
Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɞɨ
-
ɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ
,
ɨɛ
±
ɥɟɝɱɚɸɳɢɦ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɚɜɬɨ
±
ɦɨɛɢɥɟɦ
.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɚ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ
ɧɟ
ɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɬ
ɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ
.
ȿɟ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ
ɧɢ
ɜ
ɤɨɟɣ
ɦɟɪɟ
ɧɟ
ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɨɬɦɟɧɢɬɶ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟ
-
ɧɢɹ
ɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɦ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ
ɫɤɨɪɨ
-
ɫɬɢ
,
ɛɵɬɶ
ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ
(
ɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɜɫɟɝɞɚ
ɛɵɬɶ
ɝɨɬɨɜ
ɡɚɬɨɪɦɨ
-
ɡɢɬɶ
)
ɢ
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ
ɧɚ
ɞɨɪɨɝɟ
.
ɇɟ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ɜ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɩɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ
ɞɨɪɨɠ
-
ɧɨɝɨ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ
,
ɧɚ
ɢɡɜɢɥɢɫɬɨɣ
ɢɥɢ
ɫɤɨɥɶɡɤɨɣ
ɞɨɪɨɝɟ
(
ɩɪɢ
ɝɨɥɨɥɟɞɟ
,
ɧɚ
ɞɨɪɨɝɟ
,
ɩɨɤɪɵɬɨɣ
ɜɨɞɨɣ
,
ɧɚ
ɝɪɚɜɢɣɧɨɦ
ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɢ
)
ɢ
ɩɪɢ
ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ
ɩɨ
-
ɝɨɞɧɵɯ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
(
ɬɭɦɚɧ
,
ɞɨɠɞɶ
,
ɛɨɤɨ
-
ɜɨɣ
ɜɟɬɟɪ
ɢ
ɬ
.
ɩ
.).
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ
ɞɨɪɨɠɧɨ
-
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɣ
.
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨ
-
ɫɬɢ
ɧɟ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɪ±
ɦɨɡɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹµ
Ɉɪɝɚɧɵ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
1
Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɣ
ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶ
©
ȼɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
/
ɜ
ɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ª
.
2
ȼɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
,
ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟ
ɢ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟ
-
ɧɢɟ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
(+).
3
ɉɨɲɚɝɨɜɨɟ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ
ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
(-).
4
ȼɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ɫ
ɜɵɡɨɜɨɦ
ɡɚɧɟɫɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ
ɩɚɦɹɬɶ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ
(R
ɢɥɢ² » ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɚɰɢɢ
ɚɜɬɨ
ɦɨɛɢɥɹ
²
—
RES).
5
ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɜ
ɪɟɠɢɦ
ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹ
³ɫ
ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɟɦ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟ
±
ɦɨɣ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
) (O).
ɊȿȽɍɅəɌɈɊ
ɋɄɈɊɈɋɌɂ
Ⱦȼɂɀȿɇɂə
(1/4)
1
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