Physics For Scientists And Engineers 6E - part 340

Image (I), 1127

real, 1127–1128
sign conventions for, 1134t, 1139t, 1144t
virtual, 1127–1128

Image distance (q), 1127
Image formation, 1126–1175

and aberration, 1132, 1152–1153
by cameras, 1153–1155
by compound microscopes, 1160–1162
by eyes, 1155–1159
by flat mirrors, 1127–1130
by lenses, 1141–1152
by refraction, 1138–1141
by simple magnifiers, 1159–1160
by spherical mirrors, 1131–1138
by telescopes, 1162–1165

Impedance (Z), 1045–1046t
Impedance matching, 861, 890, 1053,

1064

Impedance triangles, 1045
Impulse (I), 256–260, 257
Impulse-momentum theorem, 257

and kinetic theory of gases, 642
for rotational motion, 357

Impulsive forces, 258
Incoherence, 1177
Indefinite integrals, A.25, A.27t–A.28t.

See also Integration

Index of refraction (n), 1104t–1107,

1230t

and chromatic aberration, 1153
and dispersion, 1109
measurement of, 1124–1125
and polarizing angle, 1228

Induced dipole moments, 817
Inductance (L), 1003–1032

defined, 1005
mutual, 1013–1015
self-, 1004–1006

Induction

electrical, 709–711, 710
magnetic, 967–973

Induction furnaces, 999
Induction welding, 991
Inductive reactance (X

L

), 1040

Inductors, 1006

in AC circuits, 1038–1040

Inelastic collisions, 260–261
Inertia, 115
Inertial mass, 119, 1273
Inertial reference frames, 114–115, 1246

and twin paradox, 1258

Inexact differentials, 618
Infrared waves, 1080–1081
Instantaneous acceleration (a), 31–32, 80
Instantaneous angular acceleration (!),

293–296, 295

Instantaneous angular speed (&),

293–296, 294

Instantaneous electric current (i), 833,

1034

Instantaneous power (!), 203–204
Instantaneous speed (v), 28–30, 29
Instantaneous velocity (v), 28–30, 29, 79
Instantaneous voltage (#v), 1034
Instrument Landing System, 1198
Instrumentation. See also Experiments;

Lenses; Measurement; Medicine

accelerators, 1242
accelerometers, 161
ammeters, 879
balances, 393–394, 895, 933, 987–988,

1077

barometers, 426
beam splitters, 1194
betatrons, 1001
bubble chambers, 918
calorimeters, 609, 637
cathode ray tubes (CRT), 727–728
clocks, 2, 5–6, 140, 1255
compasses, 895
cyclotrons, 908, 913–914
Dewar flasks, 629
electron guns, 728
electrostatic precipitators, 783
flowmeters, 915–916, 924
galvanometers, 879, 907
Geiger tubes, 792
Helmholtz coils, 963
hydrometers, 443
interferometers, 1194–1196, 1249
keratometers, 1169
magnetic bottles, 910, 921
manometers, 426
microscopes, 102, 1160–1162, 1202
oscilloscopes, 728
periscopes, 1117
spectrometers, 911–912, 1219
and standards, 4–6
synchrotrons, 913
telescopes, 394, 1162–1165, 1205,

1217, 1238

thermometers, 448, 583–586, 843
Thomson’s apparatus, 912
tokamaks, 960
Van de Graaff generators, 782–783
voltmeters, 811, 879–880

Insulation, home, 626–627
Insulators, 709

resistivity of, 837t

Intake strokes, 679
Integration, 44–46, 189, 256–257,

A.25–A.28t

along a path, 685, 763, 902, 931, 934,

939, 1073

of exponential functions, 190, 192
of inverse functions, 279, 621, 650,

875–876, 1007, 1269

over a surface, 741–742
partial, A.26–A.27
and separation of variables, 686, 1038
of vectors, 720, 902, 928

Intensity (I ), 517, 1183

in diffraction grating patterns, 1219
in double-slit diffraction patterns,

1212–1214

in double-slit interference patterns,

1182–1184

of electromagnetic waves, 1074–1075,

1183

luminous, 4
of polarized beams, 1227
in single-slit diffraction patterns,

1210–1212

of sound waves, 516–522, 565

Interference, 544–549, 545, 1069,

1176–1204. See also Diffraction

conditions for, 1177
constructive, 545–549, 1177–1180,

1190

destructive, 545–549, 1177–1180, 1190
from a double-slit, 1177–1184
from multiple slits, 1188
spatial, 564
temporal, 564–566
in thin films, 1189–1194
from a triple-slit, 1186–1187

Interference microscopes, 1202
Interferograms, 1195
Interferometers, 1194–1196, 1249
Internal combustion engines, 669
Internal energy (E

int

), 197, 605. See also

Energy; Kinetic energy; Potential
energy; Temperature

and first law of thermodynamics,

618–619

and heat, 605–607
and hysteresis cycles, 951
and kinetic theory of gases, 644
and nonconservative forces, 229
and resistors, 845
rotational, 646, 651–653
translational, 641–646, 651–652
vibrational, 646, 651–654
and work done by friction, 201

Internal friction, 431
Internal resistance (r), 860
Invariant mass (m), 1267, 1270
Inverse-square laws, 391

electrical, 711
gravitational, 397–398
and potential energy, 770

Inverted pulses, 499
Io, 389, 1096
Iridescence, 1176, 1238
Irises, eye, 1155
Irradiance, 1074
Irreversible processes, 668, 673–675, 674

and entropy changes, 687–690

Isobaric processes, 620
Isolated systems, 196, 220–228, 221

and first law of thermodynamics,

618–619

I.10

Index

Isothermal expansion, 620–622
Isothermal processes, 620

in Carnot cycles, 675–676
one-time, 671

Isotherms, 620
Isotopes, 8, A.4t–A.13t
Isotropic materials, 588
Isovolumetric processes, 620

Jackets, in optical fibers, 1114
Jacob’s ladder, 851
James testers, 146
Jewett, Frank Baldwin, 912
Joule, James, 605, 606, 607, 632
Joule ( J), 185, 606
Joule heating, 846
Jumpers, 868–869
Junction rule, 869–873
Junctions, 864
Jupiter, 399t. See also Planetary motion

atmosphere of, 408
escape speed from, 408t
magnetic field of, 954
moon of, 389, 1096
and speed of light, 1096

Kamerlingh-Onnes, Heike, 844
Kaons (K

0

), 256

Keating, R. E., 1255
Keck Observatory, 1165
Kelvin, William Thomson, Lord, 4, 585,

669

Kelvin (K), 4, 585
Kelvin–Planck form of the second law of

thermodynamics, 670

Kelvin temperature scale, 585–586, 610
Kepler, Johannes, 390, 396
Kepler’s laws, 396–401. See also

Astronomy; Gravitation; Planetary
motion

Keratometers, 1169
Kilocalorie (kcal), 212
Kilogram (kg), 4–6, 5, 116, 118t
Kilowatt-hour (kWh), 204
Kinematic equations

for motion of charged particles in

electric fields, 726–727, 767

for motion with constant angular

acceleration, 296-297t

and numerical modeling, 168
for one-dimensional motion with

constant acceleration, 36–37, 38t,
46, 297t

for simple harmonic motion, 455, 457
for two-dimensional motion with

constant acceleration, 80–83

Kinematics, 24. See also Dynamics

in one dimension, 23–57
rotational, 296–297
in two dimensions, 77–110

Kinetic energy (K ), 193–196, 194. See

also Conservation of energy;
Energy; Potential energy

and charges in electric fields, 766
and collisions, 260–261
and equipartition of energy, 650–654
and kinetic theory of gases, 641–646
and planetary motion, 405–407
relativistic, 1268–1270
rotational (K

R

), 300–302, 313

total (K ), 313, 318, 462
and work-kinetic energy theorem, 194

Kinetic theory of gases, 640–666, 641.

See also Statistical mechanics

and adiabatic processes for an ideal

gas, 617, 619, 649–650

and the Boltzmann distribution law,

654–655

and distribution of molecular speeds,

655–657

and entropy, 690
and equipartition of energy, 650–654
and mean free paths, 658–659
and molar specific heat of an ideal gas,

646–649

and molecular model of an ideal gas,

641–646

Kirchhoff, Gustav, 870
Kirchhoff’s rules, 869–873

and RL circuits, 1007

Krypton-86

and standard meter, 4

Kuiper belt, 399

Ladders, 369–370
Lagrange, Joseph Louis, 417
Lagrange points, 417
Laminar flow, 431
Land, Edwin H., 1226
Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave

Observatory (LIGO), 1195–1196

Laser printers, 784
Latent heat (L), 606, 611–615

of fusion or solidification (L

f

),

611–612t, 686

of vaporization or condensation (L

v

),

611–612t

Lateral magnification (M ), 1128, 1132,

1145

of microscopes, 1161–1162

Laue patterns, 1224–1225
Law of atmospheres, 663
Law of cosines, 64, A.22
Law of inertia. See First law of motion
Law of reflection, 1099

from Fermat’s principle, 1115
from Huygens’s principle, 1108–1109

Law of sines, 64, A.22
Law of thermal conduction, 624
Law of universal gravitation, 390–393
Lawrence, Ernest O., 913

Laws of motion, 111–149

applications of, 122–131
and circular motion, 150–180
first, 114–115
and rotational motion, 307-314t,

340–342

second, 116–118, 117
third, 120–122

Laws of physics, 1–3. See also Ampère–

Maxwell law; Ampère’s law; Angular
impulse–angular momentum
theorem; Archimedes’s principle;
Bernoulli’s equation; Biot–Savart
law; Boltzmann distribution law;
Boyle’s law; Bragg’s law; Brewster’s
law; Carnot’s theorem; Charles’s and
Gay–Lussac’s law; Conservation of
energy; Conservation of
momentum; Continuity equation for
fluids; Coulomb’s law; Curie’s law;
Dalton’s law of partial pressures;
Dulong– Petit law; Equations of
state; Equipartition of energy
theorem; Faraday’s law; Fermat’s
principle; Galilean transformation
equations; Gas laws; Gauss’s law;
Hooke’s law; Huygens’s principle;
Impulse– momentum theorem;
Inverse-square laws; Kepler’s laws;
Kinematic equations; Kinetic theory
of gases; Kirchhoff’s rules; Law of
atmospheres; Law of reflection; Law
of thermal conduction; Law of
universal gravitation; Laws of
motion; Laws of thermodynamics;
Lennard–Jones law; Lens makers’
equation; Lenz’s law; Lorentz force
law; Malus’s law; Maxwell’s
equations; Mirror equation; Ohm’s
law; Parallel-axis theorem; Pascal’s
law; Principle of equivalence; Snell’s
law of refraction; Stefan’s law;
Superposition principle; Thin lens
equation; Torricelli’s law; Wave
equations; Work–kinetic energy
theorem

Laws of thermodynamics

first, 618–623
second, 668–670, 671–672
zeroth, 581–582

LC circuits, 1015–1020
Length (x, y, z, r, l, d, or h)

path (r), 548–549
standards of, 4–5t
units of, A.1t

Length contraction, 1258–1259
Lennard–Jones law

force for, 215
potential for, 237–238, 464
and simple harmonic motion, 463–464
and thermal expansion, 587

Index

I.11

Lens makers’ equation, 1143
Lenses, 1141–1152. See also Refraction

aberrations in, 1152–1153
anti-reflective coatings for, 1193
combinations of, 1149–1152
contact, 1169
converging, 1144–1145
diverging, 1144–1146
eyepiece, 1160–1163
Fresnel, 1146
gravitational, 1275
objective, 1160–1163
testing of, 1192
thick, 1142–1143
thin, 1143–1146
zoom, 1172

Lenz, Heinrich, 977
Lenz’s law, 977–981

and eddy currents, 986
and inductance, 1004–1005

Leucippus, 7
Lever arm. See Moment arm
Lift, aerodynamic, 436
Light, 1092–1241. See also Optics; Speed

of light

and diffraction patterns, 1205–1241
dual nature of, 1095–1096
as electromagnetic waves, 1068, 1070,

1249

and general relativity, 1273–1275
history of, 1067, 1093, 1095–1096
and image formation, 1126–1175
and interference, 1176–1204
and laws of geometric optics, 1094–1125
monochromatic, 1177
polarization of, 1225–1232
spectrum of, 1080–1081
white, 1109–1110
world-lines for, 1259–1260

Lightbulbs, 863, 868–869
Lightning, 704, 716, 762
Lightyear (ly), 1257
LIGO. See Laser Interferometer

Gravitational-Wave Observatory

Line density. See Flux
Line of action, 306
Linear charge density (,), 720
Linear equations, A.17–A.19

and Kirchhoff’s rules, 870

Linear expansion, average coefficient of

(!), 587–588t

Linear mass density (, or )), 273–274,

302

and speed of wave propagation, 488,

496, 554

Linear momentum (p), 251–291, 253

conservation of, 252–256
relativistic, 1267–1268, 1270
total (p

tot

), 275

Linear wave equations, 503–504
Linear waves, 544
Linearly polarized light, 1226

Linearly polarized waves, 1069
Lines, A.20
Liquid crystal displays, 1232
Liquids. See also Fluids; Materials science

and bulk modulus, 375
speed of sound in, 514t
thermal expansion of, 586–591

Live wires, 880
Livingston, M. S., 913
Lloyd, Humphrey, 1188
Lloyd’s mirror, 1188
Load resistance (R), 860

matching of, 861, 890, 1053

Locomotives, 669

and heat engines, 669
and simple harmonic motion, 465

Logarithms, 163, A.19
Longitudinal waves, 488
Loop rule, 869–873
Lorentz, Hendrik, A., 1263
Lorentz force law, 910, 989
Lorentz transformation equations,

1262–1267, 1263

Loudness, 521–522
Loudspeakers, 548–549
Louis XIV, King of France, 4
Lovell, Jim, 595
Low-pass filters, 1056
LRC circuits, 1020–1022, 1043–1047,

1049–1051

Luminous intensity, 4

Mach angle (%), 528
Mach number, 528
Machines, 148
Macroscopic states

and thermal equilibrium, 615

Macrostates, 683–684, 690–693
Magnes, 895
Magnetic bottles, 910, 921
Magnetic braking, 987–988
Magnetic declination, 954
Magnetic dipole moment (!), 905

of atoms, 944–946t

Magnetic dipoles

in magnetic fields, 879, 904–907
in nonuniform magnetic fields, 919

Magnetic field lines. See Field lines
Magnetic field strength (H), 947
Magnetic fields (B), 894–925, 899t

applications of charged particles

moving in, 910–914

current loops in, 904–907
defined, 896–900
due to current-carrying wires, 927–933,

935–936

due to current loops, 930–932
due to solenoids, 938–940
energy density of, 1011–1012
motion of charged particles in, 

907–910

Magnetic fields (B) (Continued)

motion of conductors through, 970,

973–977, 980–981

sources of, 926–966

Magnetic flux (/

B

), 940–941

Magnetic flux density. See Magnetic

fields

Magnetic forces (F

B

), 896–900

between current-carrying conductors,

932–933

on current-carrying conductors,

900–904

Magnetic hysteresis, 950
Magnetic induction, 967–973. See also

Magnetic fields

Magnetic permeability ()

m

), 948

Magnetic poles

and monopoles, 895, 942, 989
north and south, 895

Magnetic recording, 951
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 845
Magnetic susceptibility (4), 947–948t
Magnetism in matter, 944–953

classification of, 947–953

Magnetite, 705, 895
Magnetization (M), 946–947

remanent, 950
saturation, 953

Magnetization curves, 950
Magnetrons, 1085–1086
Magnets

bar, 895–897, 931, 938, 942
superconducting, 845

Magnification

angular (m), 1159, 1161–1164
lateral (M ), 1128, 1132, 1145,

1161–1162

Magnifiers, simple, 1159–1160. See also

Microscopes; Telescopes

Magnifying glasses, 1159–1160
Magnitude of vectors, 61, 79
Major axis, 396
Malus, E. L., 1227
Malus’s law, 1227
Manometers, 426
Maricourt, Pierre de, 895
Mariner 10 [spacecraft], 1077
Mars, 399t. See also Planetary motion

escape speed from, 408t
mass of, 399t, 400

Marsden, A., 790
Mass (m), 116. See also Center of mass

atomic, 9–10, 592, A.4t–A.13t
as form of energy, 1270, 1272
gravitational vs. inertial, 119, 1273
invariant, 1267, 1270
molar (M), 592
negligible, 122
of planets, 399t
“relativistic,” 1267
as scalar quantity, 116
standards of, 5t

I.12

Index

Mass (m) (Continued)

units of, 4–6, 5, 116, 118t, A.1t
vs. weight, 116

Mass number (A), 8, A.4t–A.13t
Mass spectrometers, 911–912
Materials science. See also Deformable

systems; Friction; Gases; Liquids;
Optics; Rigid Objects; Solids

and crystalline vs. amorphous

materials, 1229

and electrical properties of solids, 709,

835–845, 838, 1031

and magnetic properties of solids,

947–952, 1031

and mechanical properties of

materials, 373–376

and optical properties of materials,

1104–1107, 1230, 1230

and thermal properties of materials,

197, 583, 586–591, 620–622,
623–627

Mathematical Principles of Natural

Philosophy [Newton], 390

Mathematics, A.14–A.29. See also

Addition; Algebra; Approximating;
Calculus; Determinants; Division;
Equations; Fourier series;
Geometry; Logarithms;
Measurement; Multiplication;
Numerical modeling; Rounding;
Series expansions; Significant
figures; Subtraction; Trigonometric
functions; Units; Vectors

Matrix algebra, 870
Matter

fundamental particles of, 912
structure of, 7–9, 8

Matter transfer, 197. See also Convection

and energy transfer, 197–198, 627–628
and waves, 487

Maxima of intensity, 1180, 1187–1188,

1206, 1219

Maximum angular position (%

max

)

[pendulums], 468

Maximum angular separation (%

max

)

[apertures], 1215

Maximum height (h) of a projectile,

86–91

Maxwell, James Clerk, 1067

and electromagnetic waves, 1067–1068,

1093, 1095

and electromagnetism, 705, 896, 942,

944

and Maxwell’s equations, 988,

1067–1068

and molecular speed distributions, 655

Maxwell–Boltzmann speed distribution

function (N

v

), 655–657, 656

Maxwell’s equations, 988–989

and electromagnetic waves, 1067–1069
and special relativity, 1245, 1247

Mean free path ("), 658–659, 842

Mean free time, 658
Mean solar day, 5
Mean value theorem, 257
Measurement, 2–22. See also

Experiments; Instrumentation

of density, 443
and disturbing the system, 582
of electric current, 879
of forces, 113–114
of the gravitational constant, 393–394
of magnetic fields, 914
of moments of inertia, 470
of potential difference, 879–880
of pressure, 421, 426–427
of speed of light, 1096–1097
of temperature, 582–584
uncertainty in, A.28–A.29
of wavelength of light, 1181

Measurements

of electric current, 879

Mechanical devices. See also Heat engines

air conditioners, 671
balances, 393–394, 895, 987–988, 1077
machines, 148
photocopiers, 784

Mechanical energy (E

mech

), 221

changes in, for nonconservative forces,

229–234

conservation of, 220–228, 221
heat equivalent of, 606–607
and planetary motion, 406

Mechanical engineering. See also

Aeronautics; Airplanes;
Automobiles; Bridges;
Locomotives; Satellites; Spacecraft

and heat engines, 667–683, 669, 700
and machines, 148

Mechanical equivalent of heat, 606–607
Mechanical waves, 197, 450–577, 487

and energy transfer, 197–198, 487,

500–503, 516–522

motion of, 486–511
sound, 512–542
speed of, 513–514

Mechanics, 1–449. See also Classical

mechanics; Dynamics; Energy; Fluid
mechanics; Force; Kinematics;
Momentum; Motion; Quantum
mechanics; Statistical mechanics

history of, 1, 112

Media for wave propagation, 487

effects of changes in, 499–501, 560
and ether, 1247–1250

Medicine. See also Biophysics; Health

and blood flowmeters, 915–916, 924
and contact lenses, 1169
and cyclotrons, 913
and defibrillators, 810, 825
and ears, 512, 519–522, 564
and eyeglasses, 1157–1158
and eyes, 1157–1159, 1169, 1174
and fiber optics, 1114

Medicine (Continued)

and MRI, 845
and spinal taps, 442
and steam burns, 613
and sunglasses, 1081, 1229
and ultrasound, 536

Meissner effect, 952, 1031
Melting. See Fusion
Melting points, 612t
Mercury [element]

in barometers, 426
superconductivity of, 844
in thermometers, 583–584

Mercury [planet], 399t. See also

Planetary motion

escape speed from, 408t

Metal detectors, 1051
Metals

and bimetallic strips, 589, 601
charge carriers in, 915
thermal conduction of, 623–625, 624t

Meter (m), 4
Michelson, Albert A., 1194, 1248–1250
Michelson interferometers, 1194–1196,

1249

Michelson–Morley experiment,

1248–1250

Microscopes

compound, 1160–1162
electron, 102
interference, 1202

Microstates, 683–684, 690–693
Microwave ovens, 816, 1085
Microwaves, 1080–1081

cosmic background, 1088

Migrating planets, 399
Millikan, Robert, 708, 781–782
Minima of intensity, 1206
Minor axis, 396
Mirages, 1121
Mirror equation, 1132–1133
Mirrors, 1127–1138. See also Reflection

concave, 1131–1133
convex, 1134
flat, 1127–1130
Lloyd’s, 1188
parabolic, 1164
ray diagrams for, 1134–1136
spherical, 1131–1138

Models, 7–9

of atomic nucleus, 791
computer, 169–170
of electric current, 833–835
of electrical conduction, 841–843
of entropy, 690–693
of hydrogen atom, 352–353, 759
of ideal gases, 641–646
numerical, 167–170
particle, 24, 182, 270
of phase changes, 613
of solar system, 396
of solids, 463–464

Index

I.13