Указания методические и контрольные задания для студентов 1 курса железнодорожных специальностей заочной формы обучения 1305 Министерство путей сообщения Российской Федерации Департамент кадров и учебных заведений САМАРСКАЯ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ ПУТЕЙ СООБЩЕНИЯ Кафедра иностранных языков АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ И КОНТРОЛЬНЫЕ ЗАДАНИЯ ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ 1 КУРСА ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНЫХ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЕЙ ЗАОЧНОЙ ФОРМЫ ОБУЧЕНИЯ Составитель: М.В. Жесткова Самара 2003 УДК 4П(Англ) Английский язык. Методические указания и контрольные задания для студентов 1 курса железнодорожных специальностей заочной формы обучения. – Самара: СамГАПС, 2003. - 58с. Утверждено на заседании кафедры 16 декабря 2003., протокол № 4. Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета академии. Методические указания и контрольные работы предназначены для студентов 1 курса железнодорожных специальностей заочной формы обучения. Цель методических указаний заключается в том, чтобы выработать у студентов навыки адекватного перевода текстов по специальности широкого профиля и активного владения грамматической системой современного английского языка. Методические указания состоят из двух контрольных работ, представленных в пяти вариантах, грамматического справочника, краткого англо-русского словаря и приложения, в которое вошли грамматические упражнения, ориентированные как на аудиторные занятия, так и на самостоятельную работу студентов. Составитель: Марина Владимировна Жесткова Рецензенты: кандидат филологических наук Сучкова С.А. (Самарский государственный педагогический университет) кандидат филологических наук Никитина С.Я. (Самарская государственная академия путей сообщения) Под редакцией зав. кафедрой иностранных языков профессора Халикова М.М. Подписано в печать 30.12.03. Формат 60х90 1/16. Бумага писчая. Печать офсетная. Усл. п. л. 3,6 Тираж 500 экз. Заказ № 198. © Самарская государственная академия путей сообщения, 2003 РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПО ОФОРМЛЕНИЮ КОНТРОЛЬНЫХ РАБОТ 1. Каждое контрольное задание в данных методических указаниях предлагается в пяти вариантах. Студент должен выполнить один из пяти вариантов в соответствии с последней цифрой шифра студенческого билета: если шифр заканчивается на 1 или 2, то студент выполняет вариант № 1; на 3 или 4 - № 2 ; на 5 или 6 - № 3 ; на 7 или 8 - № 4; на 9 или 0 - № 5. 2. Выполнять письменные контрольные работы следует в отдельной тетради. На обложке тетради напишите свою фамилию, имя, отчество (полностью); шифр студенческого билета; номер контрольной работы. В конце выполненной контрольной работы укажите список использованной литературы. 3. Будьте внимательны при переписывании английских предложений из методических указаний. Если вы не знаете русских эквивалентов английских имён собственных (например, географических названий и т.п.) или не уверены в правильном их написании по-русски, оставьте в контрольной работе английский вариант слова. 4. Контрольные работы должны быть написаны аккуратно, чётким подчерком. В тетради в клетку пишите через клетку. Оставляйте на страницах поля для объяснений и методических указаний рецензента. Перед выполнением каждого упражнения пишите задание к нему. Материал контрольной работы следует располагать следующим образом: Поля Левая страница (английский текст) Правая страница (перевод) Поля Первая страница тетради при этом остаётся пустой. 5. Выполненные контрольные работы направляйте для проверки и рецензирования в установленные сроки. 6. Неправильно и небрежно оформленные работы и работы, вариант которых не соответствует шифру, возвращаются студенту без проверки. СПИСОК РЕКОМЕНДОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ 1. Людвигова Е.В., Баженова С.М. Учебник английского языка для вузов заочного обучения . – М., 1982. 2. Новицкая Т.М., Кучин Н.Д. Учебник английского языка для заочных технических вузов . – М., 1974. 3. Новицкая Т.М., Кучин Н.Д. Практическая грамматика английского языка . – М., 1971, 1979 и более поздние издания. 4. Петрова А.В. Самоучитель английского языка. – М., 1985 и более поздние издания. 5. Полякова Т.Ю., Синявская Е.В. и др. Английский язык для инженеров. – М: Высш. шк., 1998. №1 Прежде чем приступить к выполнению контрольного задания №1, вам необходимо повторить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованным учебникам: 1. Имя существительное. Множественное число. Выражение падежных отношений в английском языке с помощью предлогов и окончания –s . 2. Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения имен прилагательных. 3. Числительное. 4. Глагол. Спряжение глаголов to be и to have. Оборот there + to be. Формы Indefinite ( Present , Past , Future ) в действительном и страдательном залогах. 5. Порядок слов в утвердительных и вопросительных предложениях. ВАРИАНТ 1 I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future) в действительном залоге. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы. 1. Our firm guarantees prompt and safe delivery of any freight “from door to door”. 2. You will find all the necessary information about the train movement in the railway-guide. 3. The total length of all railway lines in Russia is equal to three times the length of the Equator. 4. All railwaymen have the right of free travel by train once a year. 5. When we entered the car, we opened the window because it was very stuffy in the compartment. II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future) в страдательном залоге. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы. 1. The trains were detained en route by the snowstorm for a couple of hours. 2. In Europe double-deck passenger coaches are used in four-or five-car sets on suburban lines where traffic is very heavy. 3. Tomorrow the movement of trains at that section of the line will be restricted because of track repair work. 4. The inside body of the carriage is upholstered with materials that are easily washed. 5. When the first self-propelled vehicles appeared, measures were taken to limit their speed in many countries. III . Перепишите и переведите предложения, поставив глагол в нужную форму. 1. Russia (to rank – Present Indefinite Active ) second in the world, after the USA, in the length of the railway network. 2. Tomas Bouch (to design – Past Indefinite Active ) the Tay Bridge in 1878 and everybody (to speak – Past Indefinite Active ) about it as one of the wonders of the world. 3. You (to meet – Future Indefinite Passive ) by an agent from the travel bureau at the airport. 4. Liquid goods (to transport – Present Indefinite Passive ) in tank cars. 5. The first Stephenson’s steam locomotive (to call – Past Indefinite Passive ) “The Rocket”. IV . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление оборота there + to be . 1. There was something wrong with the engine of my car and I asked the mechanic to examine it. 2. In Metro there are special pumps and fans that suck in the air from the street, purify it and make it warm or cool on its way to the station. 3. There are no traffic-lights at this intersection that is why it is a very dangerous place. 4. Were there any telephone calls while I was out? 5. There is usually a considerable increase in passenger traffic in summer. V . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление окончания - s . 1. The construction of early bridges without basic knowledge of mathematics resulted in great tragedies because of the bridges’ collapses. 2. Newton’s law of motion was written in Latin, because only this language was used in science at that time. 3. The trains on five routes of Denver’s commuter network carry 1 million passengers a day but demand is at least three times that number. 4. On a large diagram in a dispatcher’s room small lights display the location of each train. 5. Our secretary’s office is equipped with the latest equipment. VI . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание употребление прилагательных в сравнительной и превосходной степенях. Подчеркните прилагательные в английских предложениях и укажите степень сравнения. 1. Broken stone is the most suitable material for ballast. 2. One of the longest continuous underground railway tunnels in the world is the 17,5 mile tunnel on the Northern line of the London Underground. 3. The first rails were made of cast iron but when traffic became heavier it was found that cast iron was too brittle and wore too quickly. 4. In the Grand Prix motor racing just a few seconds sometimes separate the fastest car from the slowest car in a race. 5. Traveling in an open-type coach is cheaper than in a sleeping car because sleeping cars are more convenient. VII . Перепишите и переведите предложения, употребив прилагательные, данные в скобках, в сравнительной или превосходной степени. 1. The double-track railways are (convenient) than the single-track railways if the traffic on these lines is very heavy. 2. Both roads lead to the city center, but the left-hand one is a bit (short) and (direct) than the right-hand road. 3. At the conference the engineers discussed (recent) developments in the field of electronics. 4. Railways cause (little) air contamination than other modes of transport. 5. The bridge crosses the river at its (narrow) point. VIII . Перепишите предложения. Задайте общие вопросы и специальные вопросы к подчеркнутым словам. 1. The last train arrives at midnight. 2. Rails are made of steel . 3. The Japanese company developed the first pocket-size color TV set. 4. The distance from here to the railway station is 5 kilometers. 5. There were several vacant seats in the bus when I got into it. 6. On this dangerous section of track trains usually decrease their speed. 7. Open-top cars are used for the transportation of loose bulk materials. IX . Перепишите и переведите текст. THE TRANS-SIBERIAN MAINLINE . “The Great Siberian Track ” is a well-known name in the history of the Russian State. It was given to the unique railway that connected the European part of the country with the Pacific Coast. The history of railway construction in Russia started at the end of the 19th century. Railway mainlines were laid down from the Western borders of the country to St. Petersburg and Moscow, from the center to the Volga region and from Ural to Central Asia. In 1892 the railway network in Russia had a total length of 32,000 km. That very year Samara – Zlatoust railway was built which later became a liaison between railways in the European part of Russia and the Trans-Siberian Mainline. On March 15, 1891 Alexander III issued an imperial prescript addressed to future Emperor Nicholas II which stated: “I command to start constructing a railway across all Siberia to connect the Siberian region with the European part of Russia. I also entrust you with ground-breaking* of the Great Siberian Track in Vladivostok.” Two projects of the future mainline were proposed – “the southern version” and “the northern version”. “The northern version” suggested by the Minister of Railways K.N. Posyet won. According to his project the railway was shorter by 400 km and was passing by the Siberian high road** and populated areas. The building of the Great Siberian Track began in 1893. Construction rates were very fast despite the fact that the railroad went through swamps, thick taiga, crossed major rivers and huge mountains. In less than 15 years more than 8,600 km of track were laid down. At first 10,000 workers were involved in the construction. Later their number went up to 100,000. Job and living conditions were extremely tough. The main tools were spades, picks, axes, wheelbarrows and horse-drawn carts. The building of the gigantic mainline was a heroic deed accomplished by Russian construction workers due to their tenacious efforts and courage. Some of Trans-Siberian stations bear their names – Rukhlovo, Vyazemskaya, Baranovsky, Snarsky, Adrinovka , etc. The Minister of Railways Vitte wrote: “The Great Siberian Railway breathed life into boundless Siberian lands.” Notes : * ground-breaking – начало строительства (дороги) **high road – тракт Х. Укажите, какие из следующих утверждений соответствуют содержанию текста. Используйте фразы : It is right. It is wrong. Исправьте неверные утверждения. 1. The Trans-Siberian Mainline connects the Asian part of Russia with the Pacific Coast. 2. Alexander III commanded to start constructing the Great Siberian Track. 3. The first rail of the future Trans-Siberian Railway was laid down in Vladivostok. 4. The project of the Trans Siberian Mainline was proposed by the Minister of Railways Vitte. 5. The length of this railway is more than 5,000 km. 6. Foreign workers and engineers took part in the construction. 7. The track went through swamps and taiga. 8. The latest machines and mechanisms were used for the railway construction. 9. The construction lasted 15 years. 10. The Great Siberian Railway breathed life into boundless Siberian lands. ВАРИАНТ 2 I . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Indefinite ( Present , Past , Future ) в действительном залоге. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы. 1. The first steam locomotives were not strong and they often broke down. 2. The automatic train control facilitates the work of a locomotive driver and provides more reliable movement of a train. 3. In England train passengers seldom converse with their fellow-travelers even on long journey – this is more a national custom than a matter of etiquette. 4. The train will cover the distance from Moscow to St. Petersburg in 3 hours if it moves at a speed of 250 km/h. 5. Heavy snowstorms disorganized the movement of trains in this region. II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future) в страдательном залоге. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы. 1. About 60% of the Moscow – St. Petersburg railway line is equipped with an auto-block system, over one third is electrified and more than one fourth has two or three track lines. 2. At first coal gas was used as fuel for diesel engines. 3. The diesel locomotive is not connected to the contact wire, like the electric locomotive, so it is particularly suitable for shunting work. 4. Thanks to new cars with greater capacity the freight turnover will be increased. 5. Morse invented a code in which the letters of the alphabet were replaced by dots and dashes. III . Перепишите и переведите предложения, поставив глагол в нужную форму. 1. A diesel engine (to belong – Present Indefinite Active ) to a class of internal combustion engines. 2. The equipment (to deliver – Future Indefinite Passive ) in containers from door-to-door. 3. Taiwan Railways (to buy – Past Indefinite Active ) 225 trailers and 56 motor cars last year. 4. Four million passengers a year (to travel – Present Indefinite Active ) the Helsinki-Tallinn route. 5. Passengers (to ask – Past Indefinite Passive ) to show their tickets. IV . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление оборота there + to be . 1. There are 4 pairs of sliding doors on each side of a Metro car. 2. There isn’t enough time for us to catch the next train. 3. In the very first days of railways there were no signals and there was no need for them. 4. There are a lot of goods that can be transported by air. 5. The construction of the first tunnels required much time, effort and money because there were no special equipment for it and only manual labor was used. V . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление окончания - s . 1. The “Repin ” train departs from St. Petersburg’s Finlandsky terminal. 2. Few people know that the first programmer in the world was Lord Byron ’s daughter. 3. Lloyd’s is one of the world’s largest insurance companies. In this company one can (можно) insure not only an airplane or a space satellite but also a football player’s legs or a pianist’s hands. 4. The railway station is an hour’s drive from my house. VI . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление прилагательных в сравнительной и превосходной степенях. Подчеркните прилагательные в английских предложениях и укажите степень сравнения. 1. The concrete sleepers are more reliable than the wooden crossties, and they last longer. 2. As the rail joint is the weakest part of the permanent way, it is necessary to use longer rails. 3. The most outstanding miniature railway in the world is the track which encircles the Disney Park. 4. The efficiency of electric locomotives is 4 times higher than that of steam locomotives. 5. Heathrow , Britain’s largest international airport is linked with the capital by the Underground. VII . Перепишите и переведите предложения, употребив прилагательные, данные в скобках, в сравнительной или превосходной степени. 1. The cost of tickets in a sleeping car is (high) than the fare in an open-type coach because sleeping cars are (convenient) for traveling. 2. Although there are now (fast) and (modern) means of transport, railways still remain (safe) and (popular) form of transport. 3. One of (great) advantages of the electric car is that it doesn’t contaminate the environment. 4. One of (convenient) and (fast) means of freight transportation is a container. 5. Our (good) diesel locomotive develops a speed of 170 km per hour. VIII . Перепишите предложения. Задайте общие вопросы и специальные вопросы к подчеркнутым словам. 1. The repair of railway track usually takes place in summer. 2. The train for London will depart from platform №2 in 5 minutes. 3. Liquid goods are carried in tank cars. 4. A large number of cars were parked near the private law firm. 5. This article is about a new high-speed railway. 6. Nowadays railways face competition from other means of transport primarily from motor carriers . 7. Last year fares more than doubled because of inflation . IX . Перепишите и переведите текст. ENGINES Do you know what the first engine was like? It was called “the water wheel”. This was an ordinary wheel with blades fixed to it and the current of a river turned it. These first engines were used for irrigating fields. Then a wind-powered engine was invented. It was a small wheel with long wide wooden blades attached to it. The new engine was driven by the wind. Both of these engines, the water-and wind- operated, are very economical. They don’t need fuel to function, but they are dependent on the weather. Many years passed and people invented a new engine operated by steam. In a steam engine there is a furnace and a boiler. The furnace is filled with wood or coal and then lit. The fire heats the water in the boiler and when it boils, it turns into steam. The (чем) more coal is put in the furnace, the (тем) stronger the fire is burning. The more steam there is, the faster a train or a boat is moving. The steam engine drove all sorts of machines, for example, steam ships and steam locomotives. The very first aeroplane built by A.F. Mozhaisky also had a steam engine. This engine played a very important part in the history of transport and industry development. However it had its disadvantages. It was too large, heavy and needed too much fuel. The imperfections of the steam engine led to the design of a new type. It was called the internal combustion engine, because its fuel ignites and burns inside the engine itself and not in a furnace. It is smaller and lighter than a steam engine because it does not have a boiler. It is also more powerful, as it uses better-quality fuel: petrol or kerosene. The internal combustion engine is now used in cars, diesel locomotives and motor ships. But in order to enable airplanes to fly faster than the speed of sound another more powerful engine was needed. Eventually, one was invented and it was given the name “jet engine”. The gases in it reach the temperature of over a thousand degrees. It is made of a very resistant metal so that it will not melt. Х. Укажите, какие из следующих утверждений соответствуют содержанию текста. Используйте фразы : It is right. It is wrong. Исправьте неверные утверждения. 1. The steam engine is the most powerful one, and it is widely used nowadays. 2. Water wheels were used for irrigating fields. 3. Internal combustion engines are very economical and don’t need fuel to function. 4. The very first locomotive was powered by the steam engine. 5. Wind-powered engines played a very important part in the history of transport. 6. In an internal combustion engine there is a furnace and a boiler. 7. An internal combustion engine is smaller and lighter than a steam engine. 8. Internal combustion engines are used in airplanes. 9. Jet engines are made of a very resistant metal. 10. A jet engine doesn’t have a boiler. ВАРИАНТ 3 I . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Indefinite ( Present , Past , Future ) в действительном залоге. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы. 1. This train will proceed to its destination without any stops. 2. The price of the ticket in the London Underground depends on the distance you travel. 3. The invention of a steam engine started the first industrial revolution. 4. The top speed of the first steam locomotive was 13 miles per hour. 5. Students of technical institutes have practical training at various enterprises, and it gives them an opportunity not only to watch production processes but also to take part in them. II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future) в страдательном залоге. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы. 1. Since Paris is located in the center of the country, the passengers who spend a day in the capital can reach any town the same evening. 2. Our flight will be delayed because of a strike of air-traffic controllers. 3. The freight turnover was reduced because of a considerable increase of transportation cost. 4. New plastic and synthetic materials are widely used for the interior and exterior finishes of carriages. 5. The demand for tickets was so great that they were sold out as soon as the booking-office was opened. III . Перепишите и переведите предложения, поставив глагол в нужную форму. 1. This railroad (to design – Present Indefinite Passive ) to handle only freight trains. 2. We (to leave – Past Indefinite Active ) our car in the parking lot near the terminal. 3. The shuttle-train (to cover – Present Indefinite Active ) the distance from London to Paris in 3 hours 40 minutes. 4. Steel rails (to use – Past Indefinite Passive ) in the USA for the first time in 1863. 5. You (to catch – Future Indefinite Active ) the train, if you (to hurry – Present Indefinite Active ) up. IV . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление оборота there + to be . 1. We missed the last train and tried to get tickets for the morning train but there were no tickets available in the booking-office. 2. In the USA there is a special discount for those passengers who buy round-trip tickets. 3. There are road works in the center streets of the city that is why long jams are expected. 4. There was no bridge in this place and we took a boat to cross the river. 5. There are nine four-berth compartments for passengers, a compartment for the attendants, two toilet rooms and 2 vestibules in the sleeping car. V . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление окончания - s . 1. The first Stephenson’s steam locomotive is demonstrated now in the London museum. 2. There is a train radio telephone in each driver’s cap and a dispatcher can communicate with the driver in the case of emergency. 3. Almost 500 million vehicles fill the world’s roads nowadays. 4. The driver of the bus is responsible for his passengers’ safety. 5. Heathrow , London’s major airport was opened in 1929 as a small base for airplane tests. VI . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление прилагательных в сравнительной и превосходной степенях. Подчеркните прилагательные в английских предложениях и укажите степень сравнения. 1. In Australia the traffic is heavier during the winter months, when many tourists travel in passenger trains. 2. It is much more convenient to travel by express train because it doesn’t stop at small stations, and it takes you less time to get to your destination. 3. The world’s longest road tunnel links France and Italy beneath Europe’s highest peak Mont Blanc. 4. Statistically it is safer to travel by air than to drive a car. 5. The maximum train speed on the West Coast railway line (Great Britain) is 77 miles per hour but there are many sections where the speed is much lower because of tight curves and steep gradients. VII . Перепишите и переведите предложения, употребив прилагательные, данные в скобках, в сравнительной или превосходной степени. 1. Russia possesses (heavy) helicopters MI-26 in the world which lift and transport cargos up to 20 tons. 2. This road is (bad) I have ever traveled over. 3. The environment contamination remains one of (important) problems in the modern world. 4. The first steam locomotive “The Rocket ” was much (small) and (light) than modern locomotives. 5. The Pan -American Highway is (long) road in the world. VIII . Перепишите предложения. Задайте общие вопросы и специальные вопросы к подчеркнутым словам. 1. The incandescent lamp was invented by Edison . 2. Railway track will be strengthened on this section of the mainline because it is planned to increase the volume of freight traffic here . 3. Road accidents are more frequent in rainy weather. 4. In some countries the locomotive pulls the train in one direction and pushes in the other. 5. Steel sleepers first appeared in Europe in 1868 , mainly because of the shortage of durable wood in some countries. 6. In our Metro trains run every 8 minutes . 7. Civil engineering means the construction of roads, railways, bridges, tunnels, canals, etc. IX. Перепишите и переведите текст . FROM THE HISTORY OF THE LONDON UNDERGROUND The underground railways as a kind of city transport appeared in the second half of the 19th century. The first underground system was proposed by Charles Pearson in 1843. Twenty years later the first line of the London Underground was opened for traffic. Its length was almost four miles. On that first historic day 30.000 Londoners made the first underground railway travel in the world. In the early days the trains were driven by steam locomotives which burnt coal, filling the tunnels with smoke. It is said that the train staff and porters asked for a permission to grow beards and moustaches – as an early form of smog mask. The tunnels of the first underground were made as small as possible in order to reduce the construction costs. The coaches themselves were small and narrow. According to Pearson ’s project all lines were laid down close to the ground surface. The deep tunneling came later, in 1890. Constructing the tunnel through miles of clay, sand and gravel is no easy task, and it was James Henry Greathead who developed the method which made the construction of most London tunnels possible. One of the longest continuous tunnels in the world is the 17½ mile tunnel on the Northern line. The first escalator was also installed in the London Underground in 1911. During the World War II the London Underground served as a shelter for thousands of Londoners. Many British Museum treasures spent the war in the tunnels of the underground. The railways were prepared for any emergency that might occur. They had duplicate control systems, repair groups, duplicate power supply and so on. To minimize the danger of flooding the underground near the Thames , isolating doors were built in the tunnels. All the trains were equipped with special reduced lighting for using on open sections of track. Nowadays the London Underground is the most popular means of city transport. Its length is about 300 km and it has 273 stations. Х. Укажите, какие из следующих утверждений соответствуют содержанию текста. Используйте фразы : It is right. It is wrong. Исправьте неверные утверждения. 1. The underground railways appeared in the 20th century. 2. The London Underground is the oldest Metro in the world. 3. The first line was constructed according to Pearson ’s project. 4. In the 19th century all the trains were driven by electric locomotives. 5. The first line of the London Underground was laid down deep under the ground. 6. The method of deep tunneling was developed by James Greathead . 7. The first escalator in the world was installed in the Moscow Metro. 8. During the World War II the London Underground didn’t operate. 9. Different measures were taken to minimize the danger of flooding the tunnels near the Thames . 10. At present the length of the London Underground is over 400 km. ВАРИАНТ 4 I . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Indefinite ( Present , Past , Future ) в действительном залоге. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы. 1. At this railway station the stops of the trains last only five minutes. 2. Such engineers as Frolov, Yartzev, Polsunov made great contribution to the development of railway transport in Russia. 3. If you help me, I shall repair the engine in an hour. 4. In spite of the dense fog the train was not late. 5. The project of the Helsinki – St. Petersburg railway reconstruction envisages track modernization and installation of the safety systems and remote control systems. II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future) в страдательном залоге. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы. 1. In 1994 Paris became closer to Londoners than Glasgow because the Channel Tunnel was opened for traffic. 2. Box cars are used for the transportation of goods which require protection against rain. 3. The switch is the mechanism which is used to move the trains from one track to another. 4. The first passenger cars were lighted by candles; later candles were replaced by oil and gas lamps. Nowadays electricity is used for lighting and heating the passenger carriages. 5. After the reconstruction of the railway, the speed of trains will be increased and the carrying capacity of the line will be raised. III . Перепишите и переведите предложения, поставив глагол в нужную форму. 1. The accident (to result – Past Indefinite Active ) in a traffic jam. 2. The renewal of signaling equipment of all the railroads (to finance – Future Indefinite Passive ) by the government. 3. In Great Britain a first-class ticket (to cost – Present Indefinite Active ) 50% more than a second-class ticket. 4. Wooden sleepers (to treat – Present Indefinite Passive ) with creosote. 5. The first self-propelled vehicle in Russia (to make – Past Indefinite Passive ) by Kulibin in the 18th century. IV . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление оборота there + to be . 1. There was some engine trouble, and the driver asked the passengers to get off the bus. 2. There is so much traffic on this street during rush hours that it is faster to ride a bike. 3. At the railway station there are announcement boards that inform passengers when and to what track the train will arrive. 4. The bus pulled up at the stop but to the disappointment of the people there was no room for everybody in it. 5. In April 1998 there was a 300 km traffic jam on the N4 motorway (the main road from London to Wales) at the end of the Easter holidays. V . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление окончания - s . 1. Nowadays London’s transport moves only 4 km faster than in 1912. 2. He wanted to get the watchman’s job because he could not get any other. 3. The scientific and technological achievements brought great changes in people’s life and work. 4. For the passengers’ convenience the compartments of a sleeping car are equipped with mirrored sliding doors, loudspeakers, collapsible tables, ceiling lamps and wall lamps. 5. The passengers were informed of the flight’s delay. VI . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление прилагательных в сравнительной и превосходной степенях. Подчеркните прилагательные в английских предложениях и укажите степень сравнения. 1. Railway transport is one of the cheapest ways of carrying freight over long distances. 2. The continuous rails provide a smoother movement of trains at higher speeds. 3. If you want to get somewhere as quickly as possible the best way is to travel by air. 4. For many centuries before the invention of the steam engine, transportation by water was much easier and cheaper than that by land. VII . Перепишите и переведите предложения, употребив прилагательные, данные в скобках, в сравнительной или превосходной степени. 1. The railway line that has no long tunnels and bridges is (cheap) line. 2. Although the gas-turbine engine is (small) and (light) than the diesel engine, it has (great) power. 3. Petrol is (expensive) than it was 2 years ago. 4. The railway became (important) means of transportation thanks to the invention of the steam locomotive. 5. The fare in the London Underground depends on the distance but (low) is 50 pence. VIII . Перепишите предложения. Задайте общие вопросы и специальные вопросы к подчеркнутым словам. 1. Werner von Siemens produced the first experimental electric locomotive . 2. The first escalator was installed in the London Underground in 1911 . 3. This plant manufactures engines for motor cars . 4. There are 12 bridges and viaducts on this railway line. 5. The new model of the car will be tested on the mountain roads. 6. High-class trains like “Russia” , “Irtysh”, “Siberia” and some others have high reputation and popularity. 7. The air in the Underground is changed every quarter of an hour . IX . Перепишите и переведите текст. THE OLDEST RAILWAY IN RUSSIA The St. Petersburg - Moscow Mainline is the oldest and the most outstanding railway in Russia. The project of this railway was proposed by P.P. Melnikov. According to his project “chugunka” was planned as a double-track line, 664 km long, with the 5 feet gauge (now the standard), steam-powered. The speed of passenger and freight trains was supposed to be 34,4 km and 16 km respectively. The construction began in 1843 and lasted 8 years. From the very beginning the builders faced many hardships because of severe climatic and difficult geological conditions. Hundreds of kilometers of track were laid down through forests and marshes, many rivers were crossed. The line is virtually straight and level. 185 bridges and 19 viaducts were built to make the line as straight as possible. There is a legend that the route of the railway was chosen by the Tzar Nikolay I , who drew a straight line between the two cities on the map and ordered this line to be the route of the railway. But the fact is that the construction of the line was preceded by long and thorough surveying work, a great part of which was done by P.P. Melnikov himself. All the component parts of the track, bridges and viaducts were produced at Russian plants by using only domestic materials, including timber for sleepers and cast iron for rails. One has to give credit* to the first railway builders, who laid the track in extremely difficult conditions. Nobody took care of the workers and nobody paid attention to their working conditions. People lived in “shalashes” or dug-outs; ate often tainted food; worked from dawn till sunset, often in water up to their knees and their main tools were spades, picks, axes, wheelbarrows and horse-drawn carts. The cruel exploitation of the workers was exposed by Nekrasov in his famous poem “The Railway”. The railroad was officially opened for traffic on November 1, 1851. The first train departed from St. Petersburg at 11.15 and arrived in Moscow 21 hours 45 minutes later. There were 17 passengers in the first-class cars, 63 – in the second-class cars and 112 – in the third-class cars. The speed of the first trains was 40 km/h but two years later it was increased up to 60 km/h. It was the world’s record in the speed of passenger trains. Notes: * one has to give credit – нужно отдать должное Х. Укажите, какие из следующих утверждений соответствуют содержанию текста. Используйте фразы: It is right . It is wrong. Исправьте неверные утверждения. 1. The Trans-Siberian Railway is the oldest railway in Russia. 2. P.P. Melnikov made the project of the St. Petersburg – Moscow mainline. 3. It was a single-track line. 4. This line had many curves and gradients. 5. The construction of the line was preceded by long and thorough surveying work. 6. All the materials for the construction were imported from Britain. 7. Rails were made of cast iron. 8. The railway was opened for traffic in 1851. 9. The first train departed from Moscow at midnight. 10. The train consisted of first-class cars only. ВАРИАНТ 5 I . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Indefinite ( Present , Past , Future ) в действительном залоге. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы. 1. They missed the last commuter train because of the traffic jam. 2. The mechanic is busy now but he promised to examine the engine of your car. 3. If we drive at such a speed all the time, we shall arrive at the village before the dark. 4. A dispatcher controls the movement of trains over a definite section of track. 5. Moscow is a major transport junction. Over 300 long-distance and 2000 suburban trains depart from 10 Moscow terminals daily. II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Indefinite (Present, Past, Future) в страдательном залоге. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы. 1. All first carriages had three essential drawbacks: they were built of wood; they were heated by stoves, and they had an open platform at each end that was especially dangerous in the case of an accident. 2. The air in the London Underground is changed every quarter of an hour and the temperature is maintained at 69-79 degrees Fahrenheit all year round. 3. The invention of the steam engine aroused great interest; it was much spoken and written about. 4. All wagons are fitted with automatic coupling. 5. Most specialists consider that the trains of the future will be operated by automatic drivers. III . Перепишите и переведите предложения, поставив глагол в нужную форму. 1. Before 1947 the British Railways (to own – Past Indefinite Passive ) by four private companies. 2. It (to take – Present Indefinite Active ) only 35 minutes to travel by train from Britain to France. 3. The windows of his car (to make – Present Indefinite Passive ) of unbreakable glass. 4. In London we (to transfer – Future Indefinite Active ) from the train to a bus. 5. The policeman (to stop – Past Indefinite Active ) the traffic so that the ambulance could pass. IV . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление оборота there + to be . 1. In Great Britain there is a left-hand traffic and a foreign driver must be very attentive. 2. There are several types of passenger cars such as: day coaches, open type cars, sleeping cars, mail cars, baggage cars. 3. How many stops will there be before the train reaches its destination. 4. There was a terrible rush (суматоха) at the station when I got there. 5. There are practically no curves and steep gradients on the Paris-Lyon high-speed route. V . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление окончания - s . 1. The management of the Oktyabrskaya Railway pays much attention to the improvement of passengers’ service at the terminals 2. The engine-driver’s cab is equipped with new signaling devices. 3. On the first railways there were no conductors and an engine-driver collected the passengers’ fares himself. 4. The engineers continue to work on the problem of increasing passenger trains’ speed. 5. After an hour’s break we resumed our work. VI . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление прилагательных в сравнительной и превосходной степенях. Подчеркните прилагательные в английских предложениях и укажите степень сравнения. 1. It is more convenient to carry these goods by lorry than by rail. 2. George Pullman invented the first sleeping car which was much simpler in design than the sleeping cars of today but it was much more suitable for long-distance travel than any other kind of cars in use at that time. 3. The underground railway is the quickest, safest, the most reliable and comfortable means of city transport. 4. The trip by high-speed ferry from Helsinki to Tallinn lasts an hour and a half, even faster than by plane. 5. Modern locomotives can haul the trains of 6.000 tons and heavier. VII . Перепишите и переведите предложения, употребив прилагательные, данные в скобках, в сравнительной или превосходной степени. 1. Airplanes are (fast) but (expensive) means of transportation. 2. The maintenance cost of a diesel locomotive is three times (great) than that of an electric locomotive. 3. The internal combustion engine is (powerful) than the steam engine because it uses (good)- quality fuel: petrol or kerosene. 4. Construction of the permanent way became (easy) and (quick) after the invention of special track-laying machines and other equipment. 5. Passengers traveling from Moscow to Vladivostok move the hands of their watches seven times because the Trans-Siberian Mainline, (long) railway on our planet, crosses seven time zones. VIII . Перепишите предложения. Задайте общие вопросы и специальные вопросы к подчеркнутым словам. 1. The replacement of the old engine will take two hours. 2. At peak hours the Metro trains run with small intervals. 3. In the USA the use of electric power in transportation began in 1887. 4. There are 2 types of bus stops in Britain – the compulsory stop and the request stop. 5. This new train develops a very high speed since it is fitted with powerful engines. 6. Special railroads such as funiculars are used on steep grades in the Alps . 7. This powerful machine is operated by one person. IX . Перепишите и переведите текст. FROM THE HISTORY OF RAILWAYS IN GREAT BRITAIN The history of railways in Great Britain began in the second part of the 18th century. The first railways were horse-powered and were used for transporting coal, timber and ore. Later on, horse-powered railways appeared in large cities and were used as passenger transport. But they did not last long. In 1763 James Watt invented the stationary steam engine and George Stephenson was one of the first who put a steam engine on wheels. He made a design of a locomotive but couldn’t build it as he had no money. Some businessmen decided to construct a railway between Stockton and Darlington to see how Stephenson’ s locomotive worked. On the day when it was opened, a man on a horse went in front of the engine and shouted that the train was coming. Stephenson , who was running his locomotive, asked the horseman to go away. He put steam on and ran his locomotive at a speed of 12 miles an hour. It was the beginning of steam-powered railways. In 1829 the Liverpool-Manchester Railway was built, and the railway company offered a prize of £500 for the best steam train. The prize was won by G. Stephenson with his famous train “The Rocket ”. This locomotive was faster and stronger than the first one; it could pull 13 tons and achieved an “unheard-of speed” of 29 miles (46 km) an hour. At first lots people were afraid of the railways. But in 1842 the steam-powered railways were already in wide use in Britain. It should be said (следует сказать) that the gauge was not the same on all the railways. The famous English engineer Brunel considered that the (чем) broader the gauge, the (тем) easily would the trains run. Following his advice the Great Western Company had constructed the railway network with a gauge of 7 feet. That is why for many years there were 2 gauges in England: the 7 feet suggested by Brunel and 4 feet 8½ inches, offered by Stephenson. It was inconvenient because where there was a break of gauges, and time was wasted. Angry people wrote to the newspapers and demanded to change the broad gauge. And at last in the House of Commons* the broad gauge was described as a “national evil”. It was very difficult to alter the gauge as the engines, carriages, wagons were made for the broad gauge. “The Battle of the Gauges” lasted more than 30 years. Only in 1892 the Great Western Railways was converted to the standard gauge. Notes: * the House of Commons – Палата Общин Х. Укажите, какие из следующих утверждений соответствуют содержанию текста. Используйте фразы : It is right. It is wrong. Исправьте неверные утверждения. 1. The first horse-powered railways in Great Britain were used for transporting passengers in large cities. 2. The stationary steam engine was invented by James Watt . 3. The speed of the first Stephenson ’s locomotive was 29 miles an hour. 4. The first Stephenson ’s locomotive was tested on the Liverpool-Manchester Railway. 5. Stephenson received a prize of £500 for his locomotive “The Rocket”. 6. At first lots of people were afraid of the railways. 7. At the 19th century the gauge of all railways was 4 feet 8½ inches. 8. Brunel suggested constructing railways with narrow gauge. 9. “The Battle of Gauges” lasted more than 35 years. 10. Now most railways in Britain have the standard gauge. *trains were delayed №2 Прежде чем приступить к выполнению контрольной работы №2, вам необходимо повторить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендованным учебникам: 1. Личные формы глагола. Формы Continuous (Present, Past, Future); Perfect (Present, Past, Future) в действительном и страдательном залогах. 2. Неличные формы глагола (Participle I, Participle II). 3. Модальные глаголы (can, may, must, should, need). ВАРИАНТ 1 I . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Continuous ( Present , Past , Future ) и группы Perfect ( Present , Past , Future ) в действительном и страдательном залогах. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы. 1. The construction of this high-speed line is being actively supported by the government because the development of heavy industry in this region requires reliable and speedy railway traffic. 2. Automobiles were rushing in both directions and it was impossible to cross the street. 3. We have heard on the radio today that the railway fares will be increased. 4. Until recently the price difference between the first and second class tickets on the Spanish Railways had been amounted to 81%. This difference has been greatly reduced and now first class fare is only 30% more expensive than second class. II . Перепишите и переведите предложения, поставив глагол в нужную форму. 1. The man (to fine – Present Perfect Passive ) by a policeman for crossing the street in the wrong place. 2. Before the invention of steel all railway cars (to make – Past Perfect Passive ) of wood. 3. We arrived at the railway station when the train (to approach – Present Continuous Active ) the platform. 4. There (to be – Past Indefinite Active ) a car by the side of the road. It (to break – Past Perfect Active ) down and the driver (to try – Past Continuous Active ) to repair it. 5. The construction of the new circular road which (to link – Future Indefinite Active ) several districts (to start – Present Perfect Active ) recently. III . Перепишите и переведите предложения, выбрав правильную форму сказуемого ( Active or Passive ). 1. A new device (has tested; has been tested ) in the lab. 2. The Russian scientist A.S. Popov (worked; was worked ) much at the problem of radio communication. 3. I know that these engines (are producing; are being produced ) in Minsk. 4. The airplane (crosses; is crossed ) the Atlantic Ocean in about 10 hours. 5. At the corner of the street we (saw; was seen ) a car. The driver (was examining; was being examined ) the engine. IV . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление модальных глаголов. Подчеркните модальные глаголы в английских предложениях и в переводе. 1. The Trans-Europe expresses are equipped with interurban telephones through which the traveler can contact office or home. 2. This equipment must be carried in box cars because it requires protection against weather. 3. Passengers may buy tickets on the day of departure or reserve them in advance. 4. You need not leave for the airport so early; I will give you a lift. 5. In Britain you should always take your turn in the queue at a bus stop if there is one. 6. There is a lot of snow therefore the trains might be late. V . Образуйте от данных глаголов две формы Participle I . Полученные причастия переведите на русский язык. Model: to read – a) reading – читая , читающий ; b) having read – прочитав 1) to build; 2) to replace; 3) to install; 4) to come; 5) to produce; 6) to propose; 7) to leave; 8) to fly; 9) to carry; 10) to arrive; 11) to show; 12) to get; 13) to follow; 14) to sell; 15) to improve. VI . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление Participle I в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Подчеркните причастия I в английских предложениях и в переводе. 1. Passengers leaving for London were requested to register and to weigh their luggage. 2. Having built the dam, they secured the village against flood. 3. He jumped on the step of the moving tram. 4. Having arrived 2 days before the conference, he had a lot of time to see London. 5. The volume of passenger transportation is increased in summertime because many people spend their holidays, traveling all over the country or abroad. VII . Образуйте Participle II от глаголов, данных в скобках. Полученные словосочетания переведите. Model: a (to write) article – a written article – написанная статья. 1) a (to damage) car; 2) freight (to transport) by railways; 3) an engine of (to improve) design; 4) (to weigh) luggage; 5) a (to choose) profession; 6) a (to restore) bridge; 7) a locomotive (to drive) by steam; 8) figures (to mention) in the report; 9) the (to forget) promise; 10) the distance (to cover) by train. VIII . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление Participle II в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Подчеркните причастия II в английских предложениях и в переводе. 1. Kerosene is a fuel used in jet engines. 2. I’m not sure that it is possible to repair this badly damaged car. 3. When drawn by electric locomotive, the trains may consist of more than 90 cars. 4. The first British petrol-driven car called “The Knight” moved at a speed of only 8 miles per hour. 5. A train equipped with a tilting mechanism can pass the curve at a high speed. IX . Перепишите предложения. Задайте общие вопросы и специальные вопросы к подчеркнутым словам. 1. Trucks are usually used for the transportation of heavy loads . 2. In summer many students of our Academy work at the railway as attendants. 3. The first automobile appeared on the roads at the end of the 19th century . 4. Lorries were moving slowly along the mountain road. 5. According to the terms of the contract the equipment will be paid for on delivery . 6. The passengers have been just invited to take the train. 7. The surface station of the Samara Metro is called “Yungorodok ”. X . Перепишите и переведите текст. THE CHANNEL TUNNEL The first design of the Channel Tunnel was proposed in 1751. Since that time dozens of proposals had been considered before the actual tunneling began. The work proceeded very quickly and was successfully completed in 6 years. The Tunnel was opened for traffic on May 7, 1994. The Channel Tunnel actually consists of three tunnels: the two running tunnels* and the service tunnel**. Single-track railway lines are laid down in each of the running tunnels. Normally, one of them carries passenger and freight trains from Britain to France and the other carries trains in the opposite direction. If one of the running tunnels is closed down for maintenance, the other is used for train movement in both directions. A smaller third tunnel lies between the two train tunnels. It is called the service tunnel. There is a roadway inside it, so maintenance workers and emergency teams can reach any point of the Tunnel system in their road vehicles. The service tunnel is linked to the running tunnels at regular intervals by cross-passages***. In the case of emergency or a train breakdown the passengers will leave the train through one of the cross-passages into the service tunnel where road vehicles will evacuate them to a safer place. The total length of the Tunnel is about 50 km (37 km of the line is constructed under the waters of the English Channel). The electric trains run every 3 minutes during peak hours, providing the carrying capacity of 4,000 vehicles per hour in both directions. A typical passenger shuttle* consists of 26 wagons. A half of them are double-deck carriages for carrying cars of average size. 13 single-deck wagons are used for transporting buses and vans. Freight shuttles consist of 25 single-deck wagons. Each of them is capable of carrying a vehicle weighing up to 44 tons. Two electric locomotives are coupled in front and at the rear of each shuttle. The time of crossing the Tunnel is 35 minutes, about an hour less than by ferry. Passengers and drivers remain in their vehicles. The gauge of the tunnel railway is standard that’s way the tunnel can be used for international passenger and freight trains. Notes : *running tunnel – железнодорожный тоннель **service tunnel – служебный (подъездной) тоннель ***cross-passage – поперечный переход XI . Ответьте на общие вопросы в соответствии с содержанием текста. 1. Was the first design of the Channel Tunnel proposed in 1851? 2. Had only two projects been considered before the actual tunneling began? 3. Did the construction proceed very quickly? 4. Are double-track railway lines laid down in the running tunnels? 5. Is there a roadway inside the service tunnel? 6. Do the electric trains operate in the Channel Tunnel? 7. Does a typical passenger shuttle consist of 26 wagons? 8. Is the time of crossing the Channel Tunnel 30 minutes? 9. Has each shuttle two electric locomotives coupled in front and at the rear? 10. Can the Tunnel be used for international passenger and freight trains? ВАРИАНТ 2 I . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Continuous ( Present , Past , Future ) и группы Perfect ( Present , Past , Future ) в действительном и страдательном залогах. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы. 1. The locomotive was moving at a high speed when the engine driver saw that the line had been damaged. 2. Boeing ’s new airplane is faster and more luxurious than any other vehicles which have ever been produced. 3. When we came to the station the train had already arrived, and the passengers were hurrying to occupy their seats in the carriages. 4. It has been calculated that East Japan Railway Company sells 1,000 ton of tickets annually. These tickets are now being collected and re-used in the manufacture of cardboard and toilet paper. II . Перепишите и переведите предложения, поставив глагол в нужную форму. 1. The bridge, which (to build – Present Continuous Passive ) now, (to use – Future Indefinite Passive ) for the movement of both road and railway traffic. 2. The first automatic drivers (to test – Present Perfect Passive ) on the underground lines. 3. The movement of trains (to stop – Past Indefinite Passive ) on that section of the line because the workers (to replace – Past Continuous Active ) the sleepers. 4. The train crew (to inform – Past Indefinite Passive ) that the departure time (to change – Past Perfect Passive ). 5. Nowadays crossties (to make – Present Indefinite Passive ) of wood, concrete, steel, cast-iron; in some countries experiments (to go – Present Continuous Active ) on with plastic sleepers. III . Перепишите и переведите предложения, выбрав правильную форму сказуемого ( Active or Passive ). 1. Powerful track-laying machines (have developed; have been developed ) for the building of railroads. 2. The road is closed because the road-works (are conducting; are being conducted ). 3. Oil (uses; is used ) for the production of petrol. 4. David thought that his father (had repaired; had been repaired ) his bicycle. 5. At the first railways sleepers (laid; were laid ) down along the track; nowadays they (lay; are laid ) down transversely. IV . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление модальных глаголов. Подчеркните модальные глаголы в английских предложениях и в переводе . 1. The dispatcher can communicate with the loco driver over long distances by means of a radiotelephone. 2. Electric train may be propelled either by electric locomotive or by motor cars. 3. Passengers should not walk across the railway lines; there is a footbridge at the end of the platform. 4. You need not go to the railway station to buy tickets because you can book them at the nearest travel agency. 5. A wagon must be cleaned before being used for another run. V . Образуйте от данных глаголов две формы Participle I . Полученные причастия переведите на русский язык. Model: to read – a) reading – читая , читающий ; b) having read – прочитав 1) to offer; 2) to attend; 3) to bring; 4) to discover; 5) to find; 6) to do; 7) to say; 8) to obtain; 9) to deliver; 10) to shut; 11) to ring; 12) to light; 13) to reduce; 14) to depart; 15) to implement. VI . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление Participle I в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Подчеркните причастия I в английских предложениях и в переводе . 1. When passing the curve a tilting train need not decrease its speed. 2. All trains operating on the suburban lines are driven by electricity. 3. Having built the world’s first electric locomotive, Werner von Siemens demonstrated it at the Berlin Exhibition. 4. Each railway station has at least two tracks, those for the incoming and outcoming trains. 5. The number and the spacing of the sleepers depend on the weight of trains passing over the track. VII . Образуйте Participle II от глаголов, данных в скобках. Полученные словосочетания перепишите и переведите. Model: a (to write) article – a written article – написанная статья. 1) a locomotive (to power) by electricity; 2) a (to delay) flight; 3) a (to break) engine; 4) a report (to type) in duplicate; 5) a (to carry out) plan; 6) a (to suspend) bridge; 7) a contract (to sign) by 2 companies; 8) mistakes (to make) in calculations; 9) the (to develop ) countries; 10) railway tickets (to sell) yesterday. VIII . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление Participle II в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Подчеркните причастия II в английских предложениях и в переводе. 1. The first steam locomotive built by G. Stephenson could draw a small train of loaded cars at a speed of 13 miles per hour. 2. When upgraded, the track will be used for high-speed movement. 3. The engine designed by Rudolf Diesel is one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century. 4. The new materials recommended for bridge construction were described in the article written by our professor. 5. A lot of scientists invited to the conference refused to take part in it. IX . Перепишите предложения. Задайте общие вопросы и специальные вопросы к подчеркнутым словам. 1. The two-speed escalators are being installed at new Metro stations . 2. We arranged to meet at 8 p.m . in front of the Pushkin Monument. 3. The length of the bus route has been increased by 3 km. 4. The service life of steel sleepers lasts from 35 to 60 years . 5. Tilting trains pass the curves at a high speed. 6. Electricity was used for the first time for industrial purposes in the silver workshops in Paris . 7. The rails are called T-rails because of their shape . X . Перепишите и переведите текст. MOSCOW UNDERGROUND For the first time the idea of building the underground railway in Moscow was discussed before the revolution. But the construction of the first section (from Sokolniki to Central Park) was initiated only in 1932, and lasted 3 years. It was called the record period of time by the world press. The Russian engineers carefully studied the existing underground systems abroad before working out their own project, which represents a significant improvement on the London system. The engineering difficulties were great mainly because much of the soil was composed of running sand*. Fortunately most of the running sand lay close to the surface and it was found possible to use out-and-cover method** of construction under many of the streets. But in the center of the city where the line is 100 ft or more deep, the construction of tunnels was necessary. The Moscow Underground consists of a circle line, which runs round the city center, several radial lines crossing the city and connecting with each other and the lines running to the countryside. Some constructional work is still going on. Now the length of the underground lines reaches about 300 km. At present the Moscow Metro handles more than 5 million passengers each day. During peak hours trains run at a speed of 90 km per hour with the intervals of about 80 seconds. One train takes up to 1,500 passengers. For greater safety of travel all trains are inspected every 6-9 hours of running. Being in operation for about 13 hours daily each metro train covers the distance equal to that from Moscow to St. Petersburg. The trains servicing the Underground are supplied with low voltage direct current. The current is obtained from the third rail by special devices that are mounted beneath the motor coaches. Rolling stock is completely replaced approximately once every four years. The Moscow Metro can compete with the underground railways in any of the European capitals in level of automation. At present experiments are being conducted with an “automatic driver”, i.e. with computer-controlled trains. The computer devices will help to relieve the nervous strain on the drivers and make it possible to increase the cruising speed*** of trains even more. These automatic devices have already been tested over the Circle Route by way of experiment. Notes : *running sand – сыпучий песок, плывун **cut-and-cover method – открытый метод (строительства) ***cruising speed – эксплуатационная скорость XI . Ответьте на общие вопросы в соответствии с содержанием текста. 1. Was the possibility of constructing Metro in Moscow discussed before the revolution for the first time? 2. Did the building of the Moscow Underground begin in 1917? 3. Does the project of the Moscow Metro represent a significant improvement on the London system? 4. Were all lines constructed, using out-and-cover method? 5. Does the Moscow Metro consist of a circle line and 2 radial ones? 6. Is the construction of the Metro still going on? 7. Do Metro trains run with the intervals of about 8 minutes during peak hours? 8. Are all trains inspected for greater safety of travel every week? 9. Can the Moscow Metro compete with the underground lines of other countries in level of automation? 10. Will an “automatic driver” replace hard man’s labor in future? ВАРИАНТ 3 I . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Continuous ( Present , Past , Future ) и группы Perfect ( Present , Past , Future ) в действительном и страдательном залогах. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы. 1. Hurry up! I’m afraid by the time we get to the station the train will have already left. 2. The new American turbo-train has covered a 230-mile distance in 3 hours 15 minutes with 4 stops between Boston and New York. 3. By the time the train reached its destination Paul had made friends with many of his fellow-travelers. 4. For many years railway track has been laid and repaired by hard manual labor. Now this work is being done by means of up-to-date track machines and mechanisms. II . Перепишите и переведите предложения, поставив глагол в нужную форму. 1. The car (to move – Past Continuous Active ) very fast and the traffic cop (to stop – Past Indefinite Active ) it for over-speeding. 2. Reinforced concrete and steel (to use – Present Continuous Passive ) widely now for the construction of modern bridges. 3. They (to give – Past Indefinite Active ) him no explanation why the experiment (to stop – Past Perfect Passive ). 4. With the introduction of Centralized Traffic Control system the safety of railway operation (to increase – Present Perfect Active ) greatly. 5. Newspaper correspondents (to arrive – Past Indefinite Active ) at the aviation plant when the new passenger airplane (to test – Past Continuous Passive ). III . Перепишите и переведите предложения, выбрав правильную форму сказуемого ( Active or Passive ). 1. After the reconstruction of this line track maintenance cost (will reduce; will be reduced ) considerably. 2. A taxi (called; was called ) 15 minutes ago; so we (are expecting; are being expected ) it any moment. 3. Bill (kept; was kept ) his word and arrived exactly at the time he (had promised; had been promised ). 4. Great attention (pays; is paid ) to ecological problems all over the world. 5. Be careful! The train (is approaching; is being approached ) the station! IV . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление модальных глаголов. Подчеркните модальные глаголы в английских предложениях и в переводе. 1. Drivers of express and fast trains must have a rest after 3 hours of work. 2. In New York a passenger may go by subway all day long for the same fare, if he only changes trains but do not go out of the station. 3. In Metro when the passengers get on the escalator, they should stand on the right so that people who hurry can run by on the left 4. The new automated control system will eliminate all types of accidents which can be caused by the driver’s error. 5. You need not hurry up; you may take a later suburban train. V . Образуйте от данных глаголов две формы Participle I . Полученные причастия переведите на русский язык. Model: to read - a) reading – читая , читающий ; b) having read – прочитав 1) to use; 2) to make; 3) to develop; 4) to forget; 5) to burn; 6) to transport; 7) to receive; 8) to feel; 9) to study; 10) to carry; 11) to go; 12) to try; 13) to think; 14) to cover; 15) to speak. VI . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление Participle I в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Подчеркните причастия I в английских предложениях и в переводе. 1. Having packed our baggage, we hired a taxi and hurried to the airport. 2. Electric diagrams showing the routes of trains are installed in the London Underground. 3. The high-speed train running between Hiroshima and Kokura was entered in the Guinness Book of Records for the highest average speed – 261,8 km/h. 4. Carriage wheels, when passing over rail joints, produce the familiar sound “click-etty-click”. 5. While unloading the car we found a few broken boxes. VII . Образуйте Participle II от глаголов, данных в скобках. Полученные словосочетания перепишите и переведите. Model: a (to write) article – a written article – написанная статья. 1) a train (to control) by automatic engine-driver; 2) the (to obtain) result; 3) a (to destroy) bridge; 4) machinery (to produce) at our plant; 5) a (to propose) project; 6) equipment (to install) in the laboratory; 7) a (to test) method; 8) a terminal (to upgrade) last year; 9) a railway (to build) for high-speed passenger traffic; 10) a (to repair) section of track. VIII . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление Participle II в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Подчеркните причастия II в английских предложениях и в переводе. 1. The first steam engine invented by James Watt was installed in a machine at a large mine to pump out the water. 2. The mechanic said that he had replaced the broken part of the engine. 3. When heated by sun, the rails become longer. 4. This engine radically differs both in construction and operation from the engine designed 5 years ago. 5. The Disneyland train called “the Excursion” was built especially to carry visitors through the Grand Canyon Diorama. IX . Перепишите предложения. Задайте общие вопросы и специальные вопросы к подчеркнутым словам. 1. The load weighs a hundred kilograms. 2. The windows in this car are made of unbreakable glass. 3. Each passenger must fasten the belt when the plane takes off or lands. 4. The Japanese company developed the first pocket-size color TV set. 5. Many bridges cross the river Thames in London. 6. In summer we are planning to go on a cruise along the coast of the Black Sea. 7. The accident has happened due to careless driving . X . Перепишите и переведите текст. EXPERIMENTAL BRIDGE A bridge is a structure built to cross some natural or artificial obstacles such as rivers, streets, railways and so on. First bridges had to be built out of the material close at hand*. In tropical jungles suspension bridges were made of long bamboo poles. In the places where there were many forests it was wood. Simple suspension bridges were made by means of ropes and are still used in some countries. Two parallel ropes were suspended from rocks or trees on each bank of the river with a platform of woven mats laid across them. When the Spaniards reached South America, they found that the Incas** of Peru used suspension bridges made of 6 strong cables, four of which supported a platform and two cables served as handrails***. In Middle Ages people constructed wooden beam type bridges. They were usually built on stone piers or wooden piles. Bridges of this type are still used in Japan and India. With the beginning of railway construction in the 19th century there was a great demand for bridges and the railway companies had capital for building them. The first railway bridges were built of stone or brick. Later there appeared concrete and metal bridges. The first iron bridge crossed the river Severn in Great Britain. Nowadays some people are experimenting with different unusual materials. One of them is paper. Nobody considers paper to be a very strong material. But paper-makers have another opinion. In order to prove it they built a paper bridge across a narrow canyon in Nevada. The bridge had a span of 32 ft. The designers calculated that it could safety span 80 ft. It took engineers only two months to design the bridge, to test and construct it. For testing the engineers chose a truck which weighed 12,000 lb. This truck drove quite safely across the paper bridge. The engineers are sure that the bridge can take six times the truckload of 12,000 lb. The bridge itself weighed 9,000 lb. So the structure was light enough to be laid into place by a helicopter. Notes : *material close at hand – подручный материал **Incas – Инки ***handrails – поручни XI . Ответьте на общие вопросы в соответствии с содержанием текста. 1. Were the first bridges made of steel? 2. Did people construct wooden beam type bridges in Middle Ages? 3. Was there a great demand for railway bridges in the 19th century? 4. Are people experimenting with different unusual materials for constructing bridges? 5. Do paper-makers consider paper to be a strong material? 6. Was a paper bridge built across the river? 7. Is paper a widely used material for the bridge construction? 8. Did it take engineers only 2 years to construct the bridge made of paper? 9. Did engineers choose a train for testing the paper bridge? 10. Can a paper bridge be laid into place by a helicopter? ВАРИАНТ 4 I . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён группы Continuous ( Present , Past , Future ) и группы Perfect ( Present , Past , Future ) в действительном и страдательном залогах. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы. 1. The station master said that no trains had arrived at the station during the night because of the heavy snowstorm in the mountains. 2. The business day was in high gear: the mail was being looked through, the documents were being typed, letters were being answered, talks were being hold. 3. The reason for the freight train derailment has not been found yet. 4. The program of railway reforms is being implemented now in Russia. Under this program suburban and regional passenger services will be financed from local budgets. At the same time the government has promised to fund inter-city passenger service. II . Перепишите и переведите предложения, поставив глагол в нужную форму. 1. When we (to come – Past Indefinite Active ) to the railway station, all tickets (to sell out – Past Perfect Passive ) already. 2. During the last 5 years traffic on Britain’s roads (to increase – Present Perfect Active ) by 27 per cent. 3. Evidently the car (to travel – Past Continuous Active ) at a high speed so at this steep turn the crash (to be – Past Indefinite Active ) inevitable. 4. Computers (to use – Present Continuous Passive ) more and more extensively in the world today. 5. Train fares (to increase – Present Perfect Passive ) several times during the past year. III . Перепишите и переведите предложения, выбрав правильную форму сказуемого ( Active or Passive ). 1. A two-speed escalator (has developed; has been developed ) in this design bureau. 2. The wooden supports for rails (call; are called ) the sleepers. 3. A new railway underground line (is constructing; is being constructed ) in our city. One of Metro stations (will build; will be build ) near my house. 4. Permanent way (consists; is consisted ) of rails, sleepers and ballast. 5. The workers (were inspecting; were being inspected ) carefully the carriages before the train departure. IV . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление модальных глаголов. Подчеркните модальные глаголы в английских предложениях и в переводе. 1. If you are traveling by air, you mustn’t carry anything in your luggage that can be used as a weapon, such as a knife or a pair of scissors. 2. The driver of the vehicle may be fined by the police officer if he violates the traffic rules or drives under the influence of alcohol. 3. You should not ride a motorbike without a helmet. 4. We could hardly start the engine at –30° C. 5. What can you do while traveling by train? You can read a novel or do a crossword puzzle, you can just stare out of the window or talk to your fellow-traveler, you can sit back and listen to the clicking of the carriage over the rails. V . Образуйте от данных глаголов две формы Participle I . Полученные причастия переведите на русский язык. Model: to read – a) reading – читая , читающий ; b) having read – прочитав 1) to begin; 2) to heat; 3) to improve; 4) to fall; 5) to meet; 6) to suggest; 7) to run; 8) to calculate; 9) to write; 10) to weigh; 11) to link; 12) to implement; 13) to grow; 14) to choose; 15) to design. VI . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление Participle I в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Подчеркните причастия I в английских предложениях и в переводе. 1. Having used alloys instead of steel the designers reduced the cost of the device. 2. Trains arrivals and departures are announced on a loudspeaker, it is very convenient for people meeting somebody or seeing somebody off. 3. Chinese Railways lifted the maximum speed of passenger services to 140 km/h on seven key routes radiating from Beijing (Пекин). 4. Driving a car in the rush hours, you must be very attentive because traffic is very heavy. 5. The first Metro trains were driven by steam locomotives which burnt coal, filling the tunnels with smoke. VII . Образуйте Participle II o т глаголов, данных в скобках. Полученные словосочетания перепишите и переведите. Model: a (to write) article – a written article – написанная статья. 1) an engine (to invent) by R. Diesel; 2) the (to approve) plan; 3) a bag (to leave) in the bus; 4) (to receive) information; 5) a new supercomputer (to develop) by Japanese engineers; 6) (to burn) gas; 7) the (to insure) car; 8) (to increase) volume of traffic; 9) a (to force) landing; 10) a (to work out) project. VIII . Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление Participle II в функциях определения и обстоятельства. Подчеркните причастия II в английских предложениях и в переводе.